[{"status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2026-10-01T14:28:02Z","volume":254,"_id":"14069","type":"scientific_journal_article","user_id":"83781","author":[{"last_name":"Balderrama","id":"74171","orcid":"0000-0002-4118-2838","first_name":"Alvaro","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro"},{"last_name":"Luna-Navarro","full_name":"Luna-Navarro, Alessandra","first_name":"Alessandra"},{"first_name":"Jian","full_name":"Kang, Jian","last_name":"Kang"},{"full_name":"Al Basha, Hussam","first_name":"Hussam","last_name":"Al Basha"},{"last_name":"Verschuur","first_name":"Eric","full_name":"Verschuur, Eric"},{"full_name":"Arztmann, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel","id":"58805","last_name":"Arztmann"},{"full_name":"Knaack, Ulrich","id":"27160","first_name":"Ulrich","last_name":"Knaack"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"As automation is progressively more present in buildings, it is important to understand its impact on people’s experience of urban environments. This case study investigated how one automated shading system with motorized venetian blinds affects sound perception of the acoustic environment in the immediate outdoor surroundings of a university campus building in Detmold, Germany. Procedures of ISO 12913 series for soundscape research were followed to conduct acoustic measurements and derive psychoacoustic indicators. Additionally, soundwalks involving 41 participants and a laboratory study using immersive virtual reality (VR) with 34 participants were conducted to assess how individuals perceive the acoustic environment. The results show that the operation of automated blinds increases sound levels above reference thresholds at short distances, and has a consistent effect on the soundscape, shifting it from pleasant and calm to annoying and chaotic. These trends are notable in both on-site and laboratory data. Additionally, when participants evaluated the soundscape in direct visual connection with the operating façade shading system, they perceived the sounds to be less chaotic than when they were not seeing the façade. These findings highlight that automated buildings and façades are active sound sources capable of influencing environmental quality through acoustic and non-acoustic effects; therefore, their influence on the soundscape should be considered within performance assessments, smart/automation policy, and sustainability frameworks."}],"title":"Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings","publication_status":"published","publication":"Applied Acoustics","doi":"10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498","article_number":"111498","department":[{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"date_created":"2026-09-30T10:13:50Z","intvolume":"       254","publisher":"Elsevier ","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2026","place":"Amsterdam [u.a.]","keyword":["Urban","Soundscape","Acoustic","Perception","Comfort","Sustainability"],"citation":{"ieee":"A. Balderrama <i>et al.</i>, “Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings,” <i>Applied Acoustics</i>, vol. 254, Art. no. 111498, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498\">10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498</a>.","ama":"Balderrama A, Luna-Navarro A, Kang J, et al. Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings. <i>Applied Acoustics</i>. 2026;254. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498\">10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498</a>","ufg":"<b>Balderrama, Alvaro u. a.</b>: Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings, in: <i>Applied Acoustics</i> 254 (2026).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Luna-Navarro, Alessandra</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kang, Jian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Al Basha, Hussam</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Verschuur, Eric</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Arztmann, Daniel</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Knaack, Ulrich</span>: Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings. In: <i>Applied Acoustics</i> Bd. 254. Amsterdam [u.a.], Elsevier  (2026)","bjps":"<b>Balderrama A <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) Influence of Automated Façades on the Soundscape Outside of Buildings. <i>Applied Acoustics</i> <b>254</b>.","apa":"Balderrama, A., Luna-Navarro, A., Kang, J., Al Basha, H., Verschuur, E., Arztmann, D., &#38; Knaack, U. (2026). Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings. <i>Applied Acoustics</i>, <i>254</i>, Article 111498. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498</a>","chicago":"Balderrama, Alvaro, Alessandra Luna-Navarro, Jian Kang, Hussam Al Basha, Eric Verschuur, Daniel Arztmann, and Ulrich Knaack. “Influence of Automated Façades on the Soundscape Outside of Buildings.” <i>Applied Acoustics</i> 254 (2026). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498</a>.","mla":"Balderrama, Alvaro, et al. “Influence of Automated Façades on the Soundscape Outside of Buildings.” <i>Applied Acoustics</i>, vol. 254, 111498, 2026, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498</a>.","short":"A. Balderrama, A. Luna-Navarro, J. Kang, H. Al Basha, E. Verschuur, D. Arztmann, U. Knaack, Applied Acoustics 254 (2026).","chicago-de":"Balderrama, Alvaro, Alessandra Luna-Navarro, Jian Kang, Hussam Al Basha, Eric Verschuur, Daniel Arztmann und Ulrich Knaack. 2026. Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings. <i>Applied Acoustics</i> 254. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498\">10.1016/j.apacoust.2026.111498</a>, .","havard":"A. Balderrama, A. Luna-Navarro, J. Kang, H. Al Basha, E. Verschuur, D. Arztmann, U. Knaack, Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings, Applied Acoustics. 254 (2026).","van":"Balderrama A, Luna-Navarro A, Kang J, Al Basha H, Verschuur E, Arztmann D, et al. Influence of automated façades on the soundscape outside of buildings. Applied Acoustics. 2026;254."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1872-910X"],"issn":["0003-682X"]}},{"user_id":"83781","date_updated":"2026-10-01T14:28:23Z","_id":"14070","volume":1,"type":"conference_editor_article","status":"public","publication":"eCAADe proceedings","doi":"10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619","publication_status":"published","author":[{"full_name":"Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled","id":"81286","first_name":"Mohamed Khaled","last_name":"Ashmawy"},{"last_name":"Akay","full_name":"Akay, Buse","id":"88405","first_name":"Buse"},{"first_name":"Alvaro","orcid":"0000-0002-4118-2838","id":"74171","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro","last_name":"Balderrama"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Deploying digital twins across the broader building stock is constrained by a key bottleneck: high-quality 3D content from LiDAR or photogrammetry remains labor-intensive and difficult to scale. We introduce Generative Twins (GT), a workflow that shifts digital twin creation from explicit geometric reconstruction toward probabilistic 3D synthesis. The pipeline takes a\r\nsingle street-level façade photograph, corrects perspective distortion and removes occlusions, uses an instruction-conditioned multimodal image model to synthesise an isometric view of the building, and passes that view to an image-to-3D reconstruction model that leverages learned shape priors to produce a textured mesh without manual modelling. Three image to-3D platforms (Hitem3D, Hyper3D and Hunyuan3D 3.1) are compared on identical isometric inputs and assessed on architectural boundary clarity. We demonstrate GT through two applied cases: (i) reconstruction of ordinary residential streets in Detmold as stimuli for a virtual-reality study of multi sensory urban perception, and (ii) Green Editor, a design-exploration tool in which façade greenery is added or removed at the image layer before mesh generation.\r\nTogether these cases position Generative Twins as a scalable pathway for the digitization of ordinary building stock, with emphasis on controllability, editability, and iterative design workflows.","lang":"eng"}],"title":"Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis","year":"2026","publisher":"eCAADe","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"intvolume":"         1","department":[{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"date_created":"2026-09-30T10:14:15Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2684-1843"]},"conference":{"location":"Lübeck","name":"44. eCAADe-Konferenz","start_date":"2026-09-07","end_date":"2026-09-11"},"citation":{"ieee":"M. K. Ashmawy, B. Akay, and A. Balderrama, <i>Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis</i>, vol. 1. eCAADe, 2026. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619\">10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619</a>.","mla":"Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled, et al. “Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis.” <i>ECAADe Proceedings</i>, vol. 1, eCAADe, 2026, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619\">https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619</a>.","apa":"Ashmawy, M. K., Akay, B., &#38; Balderrama, A. (2026). Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis. In <i>eCAADe proceedings</i> (Vol. 1). eCAADe. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619\">https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619</a>","chicago":"Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled, Buse Akay, and Alvaro Balderrama. <i>Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis</i>. <i>ECAADe Proceedings</i>. Vol. 1. eCAADe, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619\">https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619</a>.","short":"M.K. Ashmawy, B. Akay, A. Balderrama, Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis, eCAADe, 2026.","chicago-de":"Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled, Buse Akay und Alvaro Balderrama. 2026. <i>Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis</i>. <i>eCAADe proceedings</i>. Bd. 1. eCAADe. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619\">10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619</a>, .","van":"Ashmawy MK, Akay B, Balderrama A. Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis. Vol. 1, eCAADe proceedings. eCAADe; 2026.","havard":"M.K. Ashmawy, B. Akay, A. Balderrama, Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis, eCAADe, 2026.","ufg":"<b>Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled/Akay, Buse/Balderrama, Alvaro</b>: Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis, Bd. 1, o. O. 2026.","ama":"Ashmawy MK, Akay B, Balderrama A. <i>Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis</i>. Vol 1. eCAADe; 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619\">10.52842/conf.ecaade.2026.1.619</a>","bjps":"<b>Ashmawy MK, Akay B and Balderrama A</b> (2026) <i>Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis</i>. eCAADe.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Akay, Buse</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span>: <i>Towards Generative Twins: An AI Based Pipeline from Explicit 3D Reconstruction to Probabilistic Synthesis</i>. Bd. 1 : eCAADe, 2026"},"keyword":["Digital Twins","Virtual Reality (VR","Artificial Intelligence (AI)","Image-to-3D","Generative Design."]},{"title":"Building automation and urban soundscape","author":[{"first_name":"Alvaro","orcid":"0000-0002-4118-2838","id":"74171","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro","last_name":"Balderrama"},{"full_name":" Luna Navarro, Alessandra","first_name":"Alessandra","last_name":" Luna Navarro"},{"last_name":" Kang","full_name":" Kang, Jian","first_name":"Jian"}],"abstract":[{"text":"\r\nBackground: The use of building automation technology is rising as it is often adopted by sustainable design principles, offering notable opportunities for improving aspects such as energy efficiency and human comfort (e.g., daylight, temperature, air quality).\r\n\r\nRationale: The integration of mechanical equipment on building envelopes such as motorized sun-shading systems introduce a series of sounds, different from traditional sources in urban environments. Buildings with higher levels of automation and moving elements can be expected to become more prevalent with the increasing densification of cities and the progress of smart technologies.\r\n\r\nMethods: This study examines the effects of an automated shading system on the acoustic environment around a building, through a case study conducted in accordance with ISO 12913 guidelines for soundscape data collection and analysis. The methodology involves sound level measurements and binaural recordings to derive psychoacoustic indicators, as well as questionnaires to survey people’s perception on-site, and a laboratory experiment with virtual reality (VR).\r\n\r\nResults: The soundwalks and the laboratory experiment showed that when the shading system is moving, soundscape perception typically shifts toward chaotic and annoying. These effects were only worse in combination with other sources such as a nearby kindergarten. However, when the façade is still, and without kindergarten noise, the soundscape around the building is mainly perceived as pleasant, calm, and vibrant. The acoustic analysis revealed that the shading system can increase noise levels by up to 20 dBA over the background noise at 1 meter from the façade, with levels gradually blending the background at about 25 meters from the building.\r\n\r\nConclusions: The results reveal that motorized shading systems in a context like this case study can significantly degrade the acoustic environment outdoors, raising sound levels beyond recommended safety thresholds, and negatively affecting people’s perception.\r\n","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"van":"Balderrama A,  Luna Navarro A,  Kang J. Building automation and urban soundscape. Zenodo; 2025.","havard":"A. Balderrama, A.  Luna Navarro, J.  Kang, Building automation and urban soundscape, Zenodo, 2025.","chicago-de":"Balderrama, Alvaro, Alessandra  Luna Navarro und Jian  Kang. 2025. <i>Building automation and urban soundscape</i>. Zenodo. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579\">10.5281/ZENODO.14608579</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Balderrama A,  Luna Navarro A and  Kang J</b> (2025) <i>Building Automation and Urban Soundscape</i>. Zenodo.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"> Luna Navarro, Alessandra</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"> Kang, Jian</span>: <i>Building automation and urban soundscape</i> : Zenodo, 2025","ufg":"<b>Balderrama, Alvaro/ Luna Navarro, Alessandra/ Kang, Jian</b>: Building automation and urban soundscape, o. O. 2025.","ama":"Balderrama A,  Luna Navarro A,  Kang J. <i>Building Automation and Urban Soundscape</i>. Zenodo; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579\">10.5281/ZENODO.14608579</a>","chicago":"Balderrama, Alvaro, Alessandra  Luna Navarro, and Jian  Kang. <i>Building Automation and Urban Soundscape</i>. Zenodo, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579</a>.","apa":"Balderrama, A.,  Luna Navarro, A., &#38;  Kang, J. (2025). <i>Building automation and urban soundscape</i>. Zenodo. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579</a>","mla":"Balderrama, Alvaro, et al. <i>Building Automation and Urban Soundscape</i>. Zenodo, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579\">https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579</a>.","ieee":"A. Balderrama, A.  Luna Navarro, and J.  Kang, <i>Building automation and urban soundscape</i>. Zenodo, 2025. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14608579\">10.5281/ZENODO.14608579</a>.","short":"A. Balderrama, A.  Luna Navarro, J.  Kang, Building Automation and Urban Soundscape, Zenodo, 2025."},"doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.14608579","date_created":"2026-09-30T10:12:53Z","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"type":"research_data","_id":"14067","publisher":"Zenodo","date_updated":"2026-10-01T14:45:04Z","user_id":"83781","year":"2025"},{"_id":"14068","volume":282,"date_updated":"2026-10-01T14:35:36Z","type":"scientific_journal_article","user_id":"83781","status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243","title":"Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review","author":[{"first_name":"Simone","full_name":"Torresin, Simone","last_name":"Torresin"},{"last_name":"de Souza","first_name":"Larissa Pereira","full_name":"de Souza, Larissa Pereira"},{"last_name":"Dicle","first_name":"Seda Yuksel","full_name":"Dicle, Seda Yuksel"},{"first_name":"Douaa","full_name":"Al-Assaad, Douaa","last_name":"Al-Assaad"},{"last_name":"Aletta","first_name":"Francesco","full_name":"Aletta, Francesco"},{"first_name":"Alvaro","orcid":"0000-0002-4118-2838","id":"74171","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro","last_name":"Balderrama"},{"last_name":"Bivolarova","full_name":"Bivolarova, Mariya P.","first_name":"Mariya P."},{"first_name":"Pyoung-Jik","full_name":"Lee, Pyoung-Jik","last_name":"Lee"},{"full_name":"Llorca-Bofí, Josep","first_name":"Josep","last_name":"Llorca-Bofí"},{"full_name":"Maula, Henna","first_name":"Henna","last_name":"Maula"},{"first_name":"Alessandra Luna","full_name":"Navarro, Alessandra Luna","last_name":"Navarro"},{"first_name":"Ilaria","full_name":"Pigliautile, Ilaria","last_name":"Pigliautile"},{"last_name":"Pisello","first_name":"Anna Laura","full_name":"Pisello, Anna Laura"},{"full_name":"Wu, Zhibin","first_name":"Zhibin","last_name":"Wu"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Personalised Environmental Control Systems (PECS) enable occupants to locally adjust environmental parameters without affecting others. Rooted in the fields of thermal and air quality management, this approach is key for enhancing satisfaction and well-being in the built environment by empowering occupants to control their immediate surroundings. Moreover, it offers energy-saving potential by optimizing conditions in targeted areas rather than across the entire environment. Within the framework of the IEA EBC Annex 87, the concept was explored for the first time in the acoustic domain. After defining Acoustic PECS, a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted to unpack (1) technologies in the literature aligning with this concept; (2) their impact on occupants; and (3) current limitations. The literature search, conducted on Scopus, Web of Science, APA, and PubMed, included field or laboratory studies assessing systems enabling local acoustic control in settings that are relevant for office environments. Review papers, medical device studies, and reports without insights on occupant impact were excluded. Thirty-eight studies were selected, covering active and passive systems, building-attached, furniture-integrated, and wearable devices. The qualitative analysis highlighted potential positive effects in challenging acoustic environments, including reduced annoyance, improved work performance, masking or cancellation of intrusive noises, and enhancements in short-term memory, among other benefits, despite existing technological and methodological limitations. The evidence collected is constrained by the limited number of identified studies and methodological gaps stemming from the relatively wide focus of the studies where such devices were investigated. The definition of Acoustic PECS provides a foundation for future research, guiding the development of these systems and fostering high-quality and consistent evidence of their impacts.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","year":"2025","article_number":"113243","department":[{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"date_created":"2026-09-30T10:13:09Z","intvolume":"       282","citation":{"short":"S. Torresin, L.P. de Souza, S.Y. Dicle, D. Al-Assaad, F. Aletta, A. Balderrama, M.P. Bivolarova, P.-J. Lee, J. Llorca-Bofí, H. Maula, A.L. Navarro, I. Pigliautile, A.L. Pisello, Z. Wu, Building and Environment : The International Journal of Building Science and Its Applications 282 (2025).","apa":"Torresin, S., de Souza, L. P., Dicle, S. Y., Al-Assaad, D., Aletta, F., Balderrama, A., Bivolarova, M. P., Lee, P.-J., Llorca-Bofí, J., Maula, H., Navarro, A. L., Pigliautile, I., Pisello, A. L., &#38; Wu, Z. (2025). Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review. <i>Building and Environment : The International Journal of Building Science and Its Applications</i>, <i>282</i>, Article 113243. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243</a>","mla":"Torresin, Simone, et al. “Definition and Performance of Acoustic Personalised Environmental Control Systems (Acoustic PECS): A Systematic Review.” <i>Building and Environment : The International Journal of Building Science and Its Applications</i>, vol. 282, 113243, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243</a>.","chicago":"Torresin, Simone, Larissa Pereira de Souza, Seda Yuksel Dicle, Douaa Al-Assaad, Francesco Aletta, Alvaro Balderrama, Mariya P. Bivolarova, et al. “Definition and Performance of Acoustic Personalised Environmental Control Systems (Acoustic PECS): A Systematic Review.” <i>Building and Environment : The International Journal of Building Science and Its Applications</i> 282 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243</a>.","ieee":"S. Torresin <i>et al.</i>, “Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review,” <i>Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications</i>, vol. 282, Art. no. 113243, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243\">10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"><span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Torresin, Simone</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">de Souza, Larissa Pereira</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Dicle, Seda Yuksel</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Al-Assaad, Douaa</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Aletta, Francesco</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Bivolarova, Mariya P.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lee, Pyoung-Jik</span> ; u. a.</span>: Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review. In: <i>Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications</i> Bd. 282. Amsterdam [u.a.], Elsevier BV (2025)","bjps":"<b>Torresin S <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Definition and Performance of Acoustic Personalised Environmental Control Systems (Acoustic PECS): A Systematic Review. <i>Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications</i> <b>282</b>.","ama":"Torresin S, de Souza LP, Dicle SY, et al. Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review. <i>Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications</i>. 2025;282. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243\">10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243</a>","ufg":"<b>Torresin, Simone u. a.</b>: Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review, in: <i>Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications</i> 282 (2025).","havard":"S. Torresin, L.P. de Souza, S.Y. Dicle, D. Al-Assaad, F. Aletta, A. Balderrama, M.P. Bivolarova, P.-J. Lee, J. Llorca-Bofí, H. Maula, A.L. Navarro, I. Pigliautile, A.L. Pisello, Z. Wu, Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review, Building and Environment : The International Journal of Building Science and Its Applications. 282 (2025).","van":"Torresin S, de Souza LP, Dicle SY, Al-Assaad D, Aletta F, Balderrama A, et al. Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review. Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications. 2025;282.","chicago-de":"Torresin, Simone, Larissa Pereira de Souza, Seda Yuksel Dicle, Douaa Al-Assaad, Francesco Aletta, Alvaro Balderrama, Mariya P. Bivolarova, u. a. 2025. Definition and performance of acoustic personalised environmental control systems (acoustic PECS): A systematic review. <i>Building and environment : the international journal of building science and its applications</i> 282. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243\">10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113243</a>, ."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0360-1323"],"eissn":["1873-684X"]},"place":"Amsterdam [u.a.]","keyword":["PECS","Personalized environmental control systems","Acoustic coustic PECS","Acoustic comfort","Indoor Environmental Quality","Headphones"]},{"keyword":["Acoustics","Soundscape","Perception","Noise","Comfort","Sustainability"],"place":"Singapore","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-981-97-8316-8"],"eisbn":["978-981-97-8317-5"],"eissn":["2366-2565"],"issn":["2366-2557"]},"page":" 399–404","citation":{"ieee":"A. Balderrama, A. Luna-Navarro, and J. Kang, <i>The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes</i>, vol. 555. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024, pp. 399–404. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58\">10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58</a>.","bjps":"<b>Balderrama A, Luna-Navarro A and Kang J</b> (2024) <i>The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes</i>, Berardi U (ed.). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Luna-Navarro, Alessandra</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kang, Jian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Berardi, U.</span> (Hrsg.): <i>The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes</i>, <i> Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering </i>. Bd. 555. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2024","ufg":"<b>Balderrama, Alvaro/Luna-Navarro, Alessandra/Kang, Jian</b>: The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes, Bd. 555, hg. von Berardi, Umberto, Singapore 2024 ( Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ).","ama":"Balderrama A, Luna-Navarro A, Kang J. <i>The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes</i>. Vol 555. (Berardi U, ed.). Springer Nature Singapore; 2024:399-404. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58\">10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58</a>","apa":"Balderrama, A., Luna-Navarro, A., &#38; Kang, J. (2024). The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes. In U. Berardi (Ed.), <i>Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics : Proceedings of the 9th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2024) Volume 4: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Lighting and Acoustics</i> (Vol. 555, pp. 399–404). Springer Nature Singapore. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58</a>","chicago":"Balderrama, Alvaro, Alessandra Luna-Navarro, and Jian Kang. <i>The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes</i>. Edited by Umberto  Berardi. <i>Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics : Proceedings of the 9th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2024) Volume 4: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Lighting and Acoustics</i>. Vol. 555.  Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering . Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58</a>.","mla":"Balderrama, Alvaro, et al. “The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes.” <i>Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics : Proceedings of the 9th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2024) Volume 4: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Lighting and Acoustics</i>, edited by Umberto  Berardi, vol. 555, Springer Nature Singapore, 2024, pp. 399–404, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58</a>.","short":"A. Balderrama, A. Luna-Navarro, J. Kang, The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes, Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, 2024.","van":"Balderrama A, Luna-Navarro A, Kang J. The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes. Berardi U, editor. Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics : Proceedings of the 9th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2024) Volume 4: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Lighting and Acoustics. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2024. ( Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ; vol. 555).","havard":"A. Balderrama, A. Luna-Navarro, J. Kang, The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes, Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, 2024.","chicago-de":"Balderrama, Alvaro, Alessandra Luna-Navarro und Jian Kang. 2024. <i>The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes</i>. Hg. von Umberto  Berardi. <i>Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics : Proceedings of the 9th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2024) Volume 4: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Lighting and Acoustics</i>. Bd. 555.  Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering . Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58\">10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58</a>, ."},"conference":{"location":"Toronto, Ontario, Canada ","name":"9th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2024) ","start_date":"2024-07-25","end_date":"2024-07-27"},"intvolume":"       555","date_created":"2026-09-30T10:12:09Z","department":[{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"year":"2024","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature Singapore","editor":[{"last_name":"Berardi","full_name":"Berardi, Umberto ","first_name":"Umberto "}],"publication_status":"published","series_title":" Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ","title":"The Role of Façades in the Composition of Urban Soundscapes","author":[{"first_name":"Alvaro","orcid":"0000-0002-4118-2838","id":"74171","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro","last_name":"Balderrama"},{"full_name":"Luna-Navarro, Alessandra","first_name":"Alessandra","last_name":"Luna-Navarro"},{"last_name":"Kang","first_name":"Jian","full_name":"Kang, Jian"}],"abstract":[{"text":"As cities continue to expand and densify, understanding how buildings affect people’s perception and experience of the acoustic environment in context becomes more relevant. This paper presents a conceptual framework of the influence of façades on the urban soundscape, based on the ISO 12913 series, in order to analyze the three main elements of the soundscape: people, acoustic environment and context, along with façade as a fourth element. The methodology included literature review, as well as an exploration of the ISO 12913 methods for soundscape assessment via soundwalks and laboratory experiments involving a total of forty-three (n = 43) participants. The results provide a promising framework for façade analysis to progress toward the integration of human-centered approaches into the field of façade acoustics and complement current building physics practice.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1007/978-981-97-8317-5_58","publication":"Multiphysics and Multiscale Building Physics : Proceedings of the 9th International Building Physics Conference (IBPC 2024) Volume 4: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Lighting and Acoustics","status":"public","user_id":"83781","type":"conference_editor_article","_id":"14065","volume":555,"date_updated":"2026-10-02T07:33:11Z"},{"date_created":"2026-09-30T10:12:27Z","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"year":"2024","user_id":"83781","type":"research_data","_id":"14066","date_updated":"2026-10-02T06:59:32Z","publisher":"researchgate","keyword":["Architecture","Acoustics","Soundscape","Noise","Sustainable Development"],"title":"Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades","author":[{"last_name":"Balderrama","first_name":"Alvaro","orcid":"0000-0002-4118-2838","id":"74171","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Rising challenges in cities worldwide, such as densification, contamination, and climatic events, often accelerate technological developments within the construction industry. Concepts like smart cities and autonomous buildings are gaining popularity as examples of sustainable design. However, the use of mechanical equipment and other technologies related to human activities tends to produce unwanted sounds, increasing the risk of noise pollution and potentially degrading people’s experiences around certain buildings. Façades can also be involved in the production of sounds produced by geophysical or biological sources. This paper presents a preliminary classification of sound emissions by façades based on literature review, and provides three case studies of buildings that produce sounds in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. This research provides valuable insights into the potential impact of façade design on the urban acoustic environment, which should be an essential consideration in assessing a building's sustainability."}],"doi":"10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049","citation":{"havard":"A. Balderrama, Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades, researchgate, 2024.","van":"Balderrama A. Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades. researchgate; 2024.","chicago-de":"Balderrama, Alvaro. 2024. <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i>. researchgate. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049\">10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049</a>, .","short":"A. Balderrama, Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades, researchgate, 2024.","chicago":"Balderrama, Alvaro. <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i>. researchgate, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049\">https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049</a>.","mla":"Balderrama, Alvaro. <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i>. researchgate, 2024, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049\">https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049</a>.","apa":"Balderrama, A. (2024). <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i>. researchgate. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049\">https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049</a>","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span>: <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i> : researchgate, 2024","bjps":"<b>Balderrama A</b> (2024) <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i>. researchgate.","ama":"Balderrama A. <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i>. researchgate; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049\">10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049</a>","ufg":"<b>Balderrama, Alvaro</b>: Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades, o. O. 2024.","ieee":"A. Balderrama, <i>Noisy Buildings: Review and Case Studies of Sound-Emitting Façades</i>. researchgate, 2024. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049\">10.13140/RG.2.2.17254.95049</a>."}},{"status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","type":"journal_editor","date_updated":"2024-08-23T09:12:05Z","volume":2023,"_id":"11657","user_id":"83781","title":"Design Strategies","publication_status":"published","oa":"1","publication":"Sustainable facades ::: summer semester report","file":[{"date_updated":"2024-07-04T12:27:05Z","creator":"fdq-g73","file_id":"11658","date_created":"2024-07-04T12:27:05Z","file_name":"Design Strategies IMPULSE – Sustainable Facades.pdf","access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","file_size":105262023,"relation":"main_file"}],"date_created":"2024-07-04T12:27:24Z","issue":"9","department":[{"_id":"DEP1055"},{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"ddc":["720"],"intvolume":"      2023","publisher":"Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe","editor":[{"last_name":"Balderrama","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro","id":"79418","first_name":"Alvaro"},{"last_name":"Arztmann","first_name":"Daniel","id":"58805","full_name":"Arztmann, Daniel"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2024","alternative_title":["special issue impulses from teaching and research"],"file_date_updated":"2024-07-04T12:27:05Z","citation":{"bjps":"<b>Balderrama A and Arztmann D (eds)</b> (2024) <i>Design Strategies</i>. Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, A.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Arztmann, D.</span> (Hrsg.): <i>Design Strategies</i>. Bd. 2023 : Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe, 2024","ufg":"<i>Balderrama, Alvaro</i>/<i>Arztmann, Daniel</i>: Design Strategies, Bd. 2023, o. O. 2024.","ama":"Balderrama A, Arztmann D, eds. <i>Design Strategies</i>. Vol 2023. Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe; 2024.","van":"Balderrama A, Arztmann D, editors. Design Strategies. Vol. 2023, Sustainable facades ::: summer semester report. Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe; 2024.","havard":"A. Balderrama, D. Arztmann, eds., Design Strategies, Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe, 2024.","chicago-de":"Balderrama, Alvaro und Daniel Arztmann, Hrsg. 2024. <i>Design Strategies</i>. <i>Sustainable facades ::: summer semester report</i>. Bd. 2023. Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe.","short":"A. Balderrama, D. Arztmann, eds., Design Strategies, Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe, 2024.","mla":"Balderrama, Alvaro, and Daniel Arztmann, editors. “Design Strategies.” <i>Sustainable Facades ::: Summer Semester Report</i>, vol. 2023, no. 9, Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe, 2024.","chicago":"Balderrama, Alvaro, and Daniel Arztmann, eds. <i>Design Strategies</i>. <i>Sustainable Facades ::: Summer Semester Report</i>. Vol. 2023. Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe, 2024.","apa":"Design Strategies. (2024). In A. Balderrama &#38; D. Arztmann (Eds.), <i>Sustainable facades ::: summer semester report</i> (Vol. 2023, Issue 9). Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe.","ieee":"A. Balderrama and D. Arztmann, Eds., <i>Design Strategies</i>, vol. 2023, no. 9. Technische Hochschule Ost-Westfalen Lippe, 2024."}},{"publisher":"Elsevier ","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2023","department":[{"_id":"DEP1055"},{"_id":"DEP1600"},{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"article_number":"100070","issue":"12","date_created":"2025-06-24T13:36:11Z","intvolume":"         3","citation":{"short":"M. Cardinali, A. Balderrama, D. Arztmann, U. Pottgiesser, Nature-Based Solutions 3 (2023).","apa":"Cardinali, M., Balderrama, A., Arztmann, D., &#38; Pottgiesser, U. (2023). Green walls and health: An umbrella review. <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i>, <i>3</i>(12), Article 100070. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070</a>","mla":"Cardinali, Marcel, et al. “Green Walls and Health: An Umbrella Review.” <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i>, vol. 3, no. 12, 100070, 2023, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070</a>.","chicago":"Cardinali, Marcel, Alvaro Balderrama, Daniel Arztmann, and Uta Pottgiesser. “Green Walls and Health: An Umbrella Review.” <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i> 3, no. 12 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070</a>.","ieee":"M. Cardinali, A. Balderrama, D. Arztmann, and U. Pottgiesser, “Green walls and health: An umbrella review,” <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i>, vol. 3, no. 12, Art. no. 100070, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070\">10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Cardinali, Marcel</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Arztmann, Daniel</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Pottgiesser, Uta</span>: Green walls and health: An umbrella review. In: <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i> Bd. 3. Amsterdam, Elsevier  (2023), Nr. 12","bjps":"<b>Cardinali M <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Green Walls and Health: An Umbrella Review. <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i> <b>3</b>.","ama":"Cardinali M, Balderrama A, Arztmann D, Pottgiesser U. Green walls and health: An umbrella review. <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i>. 2023;3(12). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070\">10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070</a>","ufg":"<b>Cardinali, Marcel u. a.</b>: Green walls and health: An umbrella review, in: <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i> 3 (2023), H. 12.","havard":"M. Cardinali, A. Balderrama, D. Arztmann, U. Pottgiesser, Green walls and health: An umbrella review, Nature-Based Solutions. 3 (2023).","van":"Cardinali M, Balderrama A, Arztmann D, Pottgiesser U. Green walls and health: An umbrella review. Nature-Based Solutions. 2023;3(12).","chicago-de":"Cardinali, Marcel, Alvaro Balderrama, Daniel Arztmann und Uta Pottgiesser. 2023. Green walls and health: An umbrella review. <i>Nature-Based Solutions</i> 3, Nr. 12. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070\">10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070</a>, ."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2772-4115"]},"place":"Amsterdam","keyword":["Nature-based solutions","Green facades","Living walls","Health","Environmental risk factors","Well-being","Environmental comfort","Behavior"],"date_updated":"2025-06-24T13:41:26Z","_id":"13018","volume":3,"type":"scientific_journal_article","user_id":"83781","status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","doi":"10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070","publication":"Nature-Based Solutions","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Current societal challenges like climate change led to a general agreement that our cities need to become greener and our lifestyles more sustainable. This transformation of our daily living environments can also impact the prevalence of non-communicable diseases as a global disease burden of our time. These positive impacts of horizontal green spaces on human health are widely recognized. However, it is still unclear whether the same is true for green walls, as a promising nature-based solution for dense urban spaces which is increasingly applied. To date, the available research on green walls has not been systematically synthesized along the potential impact pathways of reducing environmental stressors (Mitigation), restoring capacities (Restoration), and promoting healthier behavior (Instoration). We conducted a systematic review of 30 reviews to synthesize available evidence on all three pathways and direct health outcomes, following the established strategies of PICOS and PRISMA. We assessed the review quality through AMSTAR. We found strong consistent evidence that green walls can mitigate urban heat island effects (daylight surface temperature: -0.3 °C to -31.9°, daylight air temperature: -0 °C to -8.7 °C), air pollution (PM2.5: -25% to -99%, PM10: -23% to -60%), and noise pollution (sound pressure level: -1dBA to -5dBA). We found some evidence for disaster risk reduction and restoration effects. There were no reviews on the instoration pathway or direct health outcomes. The underlying reviews rated low according to the AMSTAR checklist, which might limit our findings. We recognize a generally young research field and conclude that more in-field studies are needed in all pathways to better understand the relationship between green walls and health."}],"author":[{"last_name":"Cardinali","full_name":"Cardinali, Marcel","first_name":"Marcel"},{"full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro","first_name":"Alvaro","last_name":"Balderrama"},{"last_name":"Arztmann","first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Arztmann, Daniel"},{"last_name":"Pottgiesser","full_name":"Pottgiesser, Uta","first_name":"Uta"}],"title":"Green walls and health: An umbrella review","publication_status":"published"},{"date_created":"2025-06-24T13:53:29Z","issue":"13","department":[{"_id":"DEP1600"},{"_id":"DEP1634"}],"article_number":"9892","intvolume":"        15","publisher":"MDPI","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2023","keyword":["Management","Monitoring","Policy and Law","Renewable Energy","Sustainability and the Environment","Geography","Planning and Development","Building and Construction"],"place":"Basel","citation":{"ieee":"H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, and A. Balderrama, “Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method,” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 15, no. 13, Art. no. 9892, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892\">10.3390/su15139892</a>.","bjps":"<b>Seol H <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i> <b>15</b>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Seol, Hyeonji</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Arztmann, Daniel</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kim, Naree</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Balderrama, Alvaro</span>: Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. In: <i>Sustainability</i> Bd. 15. Basel, MDPI (2023), Nr. 13","ufg":"<b>Seol, Hyeonji u. a.</b>: Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method, in: <i>Sustainability</i> 15 (2023), H. 13.","ama":"Seol H, Arztmann D, Kim N, Balderrama A. Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i>. 2023;15(13). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892\">10.3390/su15139892</a>","short":"H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, A. Balderrama, Sustainability 15 (2023).","chicago":"Seol, Hyeonji, Daniel Arztmann, Naree Kim, and Alvaro Balderrama. “Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method.” <i>Sustainability</i> 15, no. 13 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892\">https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892</a>.","apa":"Seol, H., Arztmann, D., Kim, N., &#38; Balderrama, A. (2023). Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i>, <i>15</i>(13), Article 9892. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892\">https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892</a>","mla":"Seol, Hyeonji, et al. “Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method.” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 15, no. 13, 9892, 2023, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892\">https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892</a>.","van":"Seol H, Arztmann D, Kim N, Balderrama A. Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. Sustainability. 2023;15(13).","havard":"H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, A. Balderrama, Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method, Sustainability. 15 (2023).","chicago-de":"Seol, Hyeonji, Daniel Arztmann, Naree Kim und Alvaro Balderrama. 2023. Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i> 15, Nr. 13. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892\">10.3390/su15139892</a>, ."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2071-1050"]},"status":"public","quality_controlled":"1","type":"scientific_journal_article","date_updated":"2025-06-24T13:55:57Z","_id":"13021","volume":15,"user_id":"83781","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Natural ventilation in a building is an effective way to achieve acceptable indoor air quality. Ventilation dilutes contaminants such as bioeffluents generated by occupants, substances emitted from building materials, and the water vapor generated by occupants’ activities. In a building that requires heating and cooling, adequate ventilation is crucial to minimize energy consumption while maintaining healthy indoor air quality. However, measuring the actual magnitude of the natural ventilation rate, including infiltration through the building envelope and airflow through the building openings, is not always feasible. Although international and national standards suggested the required ventilation rates to maintain acceptable indoor air quality in buildings, they did not offer action plans to achieve or evaluate those design ventilation rates in buildings in use. In this study, the occupant-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) tracer gas decay method was applied to estimate the ventilation rates in an office room in Seoul, South Korea, from summer to winter. Using the method, real-time ventilation rates can be calculated by monitoring indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations without injecting a tracer gas. For natural ventilation in the test room, 145 mm-diameter circular openings on the fixed glass were used. As a result, first, the indoor CO2 concentrations were used as an indicator to evaluate how much the indoor air quality deteriorated when all the windows were closed in an occupied office room compared to the international standards for indoor air quality. Moreover, we found out that the estimated ventilation rates varied depending on various environmental conditions, even with the same openings for natural ventilation. Considering the indoor and outdoor temperature differences and outdoor wind speeds as the main factors influencing the ventilation rates, we analyzed how they affected the ventilation rates in the different seasons of South Korea. When the wind speeds were calm, less than 2 m/s, the temperature difference played as a factor that influenced the estimated ventilation rates. On the other hand, when the temperature differences were low, less than 3 °C, the wind speed was the primary factor. This study raises awareness about the risk of poor indoor air quality in office rooms that could lead to health problems or unpleasant working environments. This study presents an example of estimating the ventilation rates in an existing building. By using the presented method, the ventilation rate in an existing building can be simply estimated while using the building as usual, and appropriate ventilation strategies for the building can be determined to maintain the desired indoor air quality."}],"author":[{"full_name":"Seol, Hyeonji","first_name":"Hyeonji","id":"77436","last_name":"Seol"},{"full_name":"Arztmann, Daniel","id":"58805","first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Arztmann"},{"last_name":"Kim","first_name":"Naree","full_name":"Kim, Naree"},{"first_name":"Alvaro","id":"79418","full_name":"Balderrama, Alvaro","last_name":"Balderrama"}],"title":"Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.3390/su15139892","publication":"Sustainability"}]