@misc{12955,
  abstract     = {{Ein 10 Monate alter, männlich intakter Rhodesian Ridgeback wurde wegen chronischen Dickdarmdurchfalls und Hämatochezie vorgestellt. Der Hund stammte aus Deutschland und hatte das Land nie verlassen. Die Laboruntersuchung des vorbehandelnden Tierarztes ergab neben einer Neutrophilie eine Hyperkaliämie und eine Hyponatriämie. Mit einem Serumbasalkortisolwert von 4,3 µg/dl konnte ein Hypoadrenokortizismus weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden. Eine vom Tierarzt durch geführte antibiotische Behandlung hatte keine Besserung bewirkt. Daher war der Hund mit Prednisolon behandelt worden. Unter 2-wöchiger Prednisolongabe kam es zu einer deutlichen Verstärkung des Durchfalls sowie einem Gewichtsverlust von 6 kg. Bei Vorstellung an der Medizinischen Kleintierklinik der LMU München war der Hund im Allgemeinbefinden mittelgradig reduziert, deutlich abgemagert, dehydriert, hypovolämisch und hatte eine rektale Körpertemperatur von 39,6 °C. Bei der sonografischen Untersuchung zeigte sich eine generalisiert verdickte Dickdarmwand und koloskopisch eine hochgradig ulzerativ veränderte Dickdarmschleimhaut. Histologischer Befund war eine ulzerative granulomatöse Kolitis. Durch die Periodic-Acid-Schiff-Reaktion ließen sich in den Schnitten der Dickdarmbioptate mikrobielle Strukturen darstellen, die für eine Algeninfektion diagnostisch waren. Die bei der mikrobiellen Untersuchung anzüchtbaren Prototheken wurden mittels MALDI-TOF-MS als Prototheca zopfii identifiziert. Zum Nachweis einer möglichen Immundefizienz wurden die Immunglobuline im Serum bestimmt. Die IgM-Konzentration war erniedrigt, während sich IgG- und IgA-Konzentration im Referenzbereich befanden. Aufgrund der Verschlechterung des Allgemeinbefindens, der vorsichtigen Prognose und der hohen Kosten eines Therapieversuchs wurde der Hund eine Woche später euthanasiert und der Tierkörper pathologisch untersucht. Histopathologisch wurden Prototheken auch in den abdominalen Lymphknoten, jedoch nicht in den Augen oder im zentralen Nervensystem identifiziert. Der Fall zeigt, dass eine Prototheken-Infektion auch bei Hunden aus Deutschland als Differenzialdiagnose für chronischen Dickdarmdurchfall in Betracht gezogen werden sollte, insbesondere bei Patienten mit ulzerativer granulomatöser Kolitis. Sie kann bei der histologischen Untersuchung ohne Spezialfärbung leicht übersehen werden.}},
  author       = {{Geisen, Vera and Mayer, Christian and Harrer, Julia and Hartmann, Katrin and Ulrich, Sebastian and Unterer, Stefan}},
  booktitle    = {{Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere}},
  issn         = {{2567-5842}},
  keywords     = {{Hund - Algeninfektion - chronischer Durchfall - Protothekose - Prototheca zopfii}},
  number       = {{05}},
  pages        = {{369--375}},
  publisher    = {{Thieme }},
  title        = {{{Ulzerative granulomatöse Kolitis durch Prototheca spp. bei einem Rhodesian Ridgeback in Deutschland}}},
  doi          = {{10.1055/a-1238-1554}},
  volume       = {{48}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@misc{12956,
  abstract     = {{Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Schäfer, Cornelius}},
  booktitle    = {{Journal of Fungi}},
  issn         = {{2309-608X}},
  keywords     = {{Stachybotrys, genotype, macrocyclic trichothecenes, stachybotrylactam}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI }},
  title        = {{{Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/jof6030159}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@misc{12962,
  abstract     = {{Background
Borrelia burgdorferi is a tick-borne spirochete that causes Lyme borreliosis (LB). After an initial tick bite, it spreads from the deposition site in the dermis to distant tissues of the host. It is generally believed that this spirochete disseminates via the hematogenous route. Borrelia persica causes relapsing fever and is able to replicate in the blood stream. Currently the exact dissemination pathway of LB pathogens in the host is not known and controversially discussed.
Methods
In this study, we established a strict intravenous infection murine model using host-adapted spirochetes. Survival capacity and infectivity of host-adapted B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bbss) were compared to those of B. persica (Bp) after either intradermal (ID) injection into the dorsal skin of immunocompetent mice or strict intravenous (IV) inoculation via the jugular vein. By in vitro culture and PCR, viable spirochetes and their DNA load in peripheral blood were periodically monitored during a 49/50-day course post-injection, as well as in various tissue samples collected at day 49/50. Specific antibodies in individual plasma/serum samples were detected with serological methods.
Results
Regardless of ID or IV injection, DNA of Bp was present in blood samples up to day 24 post-challenge, while no Bbss was detectable in the blood circulation during the complete observation period. In contrast to the brain tropism of Bp, Bbss spirochetes were found in ear, skin, joint, bladder, and heart tissue samples of only ID-inoculated mice. All tested tissues collected from IV-challenged mice were negative for traces of Bbss. ELISA testing of serum samples showed that Bp induced gradually increasing antibody levels after ID or IV inoculation, while Bbss did so only after ID injection but not after IV inoculation.
Conclusions
This study allows us to draw the following conclusions: (i) Bp survives in the blood and disseminates to the host’s brain via the hematogenous route; and (ii) Bbss, in contrast, is cleared rapidly from the blood stream and is a tissue-bound spirochete.}},
  author       = {{Liang, Liucun and Wang, Jinyong and Schorter, Lucas and Nguyen Trong, Thu Phong and Fell, Shari and Ulrich, Sebastian and Straubinger, Reinhard K.}},
  booktitle    = {{Parasites & vectors}},
  issn         = {{1756-3305}},
  keywords     = {{Lyme borreliosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Tick-borne relapsing fever, Borrelia persica, Blood clearance}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{BioMed Central }},
  title        = {{{Rapid clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi from the blood circulation}}},
  doi          = {{10.1186/s13071-020-04060-y}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@misc{12963,
  abstract     = {{The genus Borrelia comprises vector-borne bacterial pathogens that can severely affect human and animal health. Members of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex can cause Lyme borreliosis, one of the most common vector-borne diseases in the Northern hemisphere. Besides, members of the relapsing fever group of spirochetes can cause tick-borne relapsing fever in humans and various febrile illnesses in animals in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Borrelia spp. organisms are fastidious to cultivate and to maintain in vitro, and therefore, difficult to work with in the laboratory. Currently, borrelia identification is mainly performed using PCR and DNA sequencing methods, which can be complicated/frustrating on complex DNA templates and may still be relatively expensive. Alternative techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) are not well established for Borrelia spp., although this technique is currently one of the most used techniques for rapid identification of bacteria in microbiological diagnostic laboratories. This is mainly due to unsatisfactory results obtained by use of simple sample preparation techniques and medium-contamination obscuring the mass spectra. In addition, comprehensive libraries for Borrelia spp. MALDI-TOF MS have yet to be established. In this study, we developed a new filter-based chemical extraction technique that allows measurement of high quality Borrelia spp. spectra from less than 100,000 bacteria per spot in MALDI-TOF MS. We used 49 isolates of 13 different species to produce the largest mass-library for Borrelia spp. so far and to validate the protocol. The library was successfully established and identifies >96% of used isolates correctly to species level. Cluster analysis on the sum spectra was applied to all the different isolates, which resulted in tight cluster generation for most species. Comparative analysis of the generated cluster to a phylogeny based on concatenated multi-locus sequence typing genes provided a surprising homology. Our data demonstrate that the technique described here can be used for fast and reliable species and strain typing within the borrelia complex.}},
  author       = {{Neumann-Cip, Anna-Cathrine and Fingerle, Volker and Margos, Gabriele and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Overzier, Evelyn and Ulrich, Sebastian and Wieser, Andreas}},
  booktitle    = {{Frontiers in Microbiology}},
  issn         = {{1664-302X}},
  keywords     = {{Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, MALDI-TOF MS, typing, sample preparation, MALDI-TOF MS library, strain typing, automatic identification}},
  publisher    = {{Frontiers Media SA}},
  title        = {{{A Novel Rapid Sample Preparation Method for MALDI-TOF MS Permits Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Species and Isolate Differentiation}}},
  doi          = {{10.3389/fmicb.2020.00690}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@misc{12964,
  abstract     = {{Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal immune response in these patients.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Ebel, Frank}},
  booktitle    = {{Journal of Fungi}},
  issn         = {{2309-608X}},
  keywords     = {{monoclonal antibodies, invasive fungal infections, therapy, prophylaxis, opsonization}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI }},
  title        = {{{Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/jof6010022}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@misc{12965,
  abstract     = {{The Bacillus (B.) cereus group consists of nine recognized species which are present worldwide. B. cereus play an important role in food-borne diseases by producing different toxins. Yet, only a small percentage of B. cereus strains are able to produce the heat stable cereulide, the causative agent of emetic food poisoning. To minimize the entry of emetic B. cereus into the food chain, food business operators are dependent on efficient and reliable methods enabling the differentiation between emetic and non-emetic strains.
Currently, only time-consuming cell bioassays, molecular methods and tandem mass spectrometry are available for this purpose. Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish a fast and reliable method for the differentiation between emetic/non-emetic strains by MALDI-TOF MS. Selected strains/isolates of the B. cereus group as well as other Bacillus spp. (total n = 121) were cultured on sheep blood agar for 48 h before analysis.
Subsequently, the cultures were directly analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS without prior extraction steps. The samples were measured in the mass range of m/z 800–1800 Da. Using ClinProTools 3.0 statistical software and Flex analysis software (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Bremen, Germany), a differentiation between emetic/non-emetic isolates was possible with a rate of correct identification of 99.1% by means of the evaluation of two specific biomarkers (m/z 1171 and 1187 Da).}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, Christoph and Dietrich, Richard and Märtlbauer, Erwin and Gareis, Manfred}},
  booktitle    = {{Food Microbiology}},
  issn         = {{1095-9998}},
  keywords     = {{MALDI-TOF MS, Bacillus cereus, Cereulide, Food intoxication}},
  pages        = {{75--81}},
  publisher    = {{Academic Press }},
  title        = {{{Identification of cereulide producing Bacillus cereus by MALDI-TOF MS}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.fm.2019.01.012}},
  volume       = {{82}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@misc{12966,
  abstract     = {{The fungus Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs, damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either macrocyclic trichothecenes (21 SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14 ATR (Atranone) genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detect SAT and ATR genes in 19 S. chartarum chemotype S and eight S. chartarum chemotype A strains. Our analysis revealed the existence of three different genotypes: satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all SAT genes but lacked the ATR gene cluster (genotype S), non-satratoxin-producing strains that possessed the ATR genes but lacked SAT genes (genotype A), and a hitherto undescribed hybrid genotype among non-satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all ATR genes and an incomplete set of SAT genes (genotype H). In order to improve the discrimination of genotypes, a triplex PCR assay was developed and applied for the analysis of S. chartarum and S. chlorohalonata cultures. The results show that genes for macrocyclic trichothecenes and atranones are not mutually exclusive in S. chartarum. Correlation of the new genotype-based concept with mycotoxin production data shows also that macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively produced by S. chartarum genotype S strains.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Niessen, Ludwig and Ekruth, Julia and Schäfer, Cornelius and Kaltner, Florian and Gottschalk, Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{Mycotoxin Research}},
  issn         = {{1867-1632}},
  keywords     = {{Acetyltransferases, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Fungal Genes, Fungal genetics, Fungal genomics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{83--91}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x}},
  volume       = {{36}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@misc{12967,
  abstract     = {{Objectives
To evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) combined with the Sepsityper kit (Bruker Daltoniks GmbH, Bremen) for the direct detection of bacterial species from inoculated blood cultures from dogs and cats.
Materials and Methods
Canine and feline blood samples were inoculated with typical sepsis-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus canis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at two distinct concentrations (each in triplicate), resulting in 72 blood culture bottles incubated at 37°C. Samples were comparatively analysed with MALDI-TOF MS after preparation with the Sepsityper kit and also by standard bacteriology (culturing and biochemical characterisation).
Results
Bacterial species identified from agar plates and by MALDI-TOF MS from blood culture bottles were identical for all samples. The MALDI Biotyper software (Bruker Daltoniks) correctly identified all bacterial strains from inoculated canine and feline blood with analysis indicating very good precision.
Clinical Significance
MALDI-TOF MS analysis combined with the Sepsityper kit is a reliable tool for a quick detection of veterinary-relevant bacterial species directly from blood culture bottles. This approach could reduce the time for identification of critical species to only 24 hours.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, C. and Straubinger, R. Kk and Schwaiger, K. and Dörfelt, R.}},
  booktitle    = {{Journal of Small Animal Practice}},
  issn         = {{0022-4510}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{42--45}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  title        = {{{Acceleration of the identification of sepsis‐inducing bacteria in cultures of dog and cat blood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1111/jsap.13056}},
  volume       = {{61}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@misc{12971,
  abstract     = {{The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites, including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future research.}},
  author       = {{Jagels, Annika and Lindemann, Viktoria and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, Christoph and Cramer, Benedikt and Hübner, Florian and Gareis, Manfred and Humpf, Hans-Ulrich}},
  booktitle    = {{Toxins}},
  issn         = {{2072-6651}},
  keywords     = {{Stachybotrys spp., metabolite profiles, LC-MS/MS, satratoxins, phenylspirodrimanes, stachybotrychromenes, biosynthetic production}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  title        = {{{Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/toxins11030133}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@misc{12973,
  abstract     = {{Psychrophilic and psychrotolerant clostridia (n = 110) were isolated from vacuum-packed meat (beef and lamb), fresh venison and from skin and fecal samples of wild boars. They were identified to species level using MALDI-TOF MS, sequence and phylogeny analysis of the 16S rRNA and species specific multiplex qPCR. The results of all three methods were concordant. The majority of isolates were identified as C. tagluense-like Group I (n = 34) and Group II (n = 42). Thirty-five isolates could be identified to species level as follows: C. estertheticum (n = 15), C. frigoriphilum (n = 13), C. frigidicarnis (n = 1) and C. bowmanii (n = 5). This is the first report of detection and identification of C. frigoriphilum and C. tagluense-like Group II as causative agents of blown pack spoilage of beef. The species specific multiplex qPCR developed in this study could be applied to identify and to quantify the Clostridium species described above in suspicious meat juice samples.}},
  author       = {{Dorn-In, Samart and Schwaiger, Karin and Springer, Claudia and Barta, Leonard and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gareis, Manfred}},
  booktitle    = {{International Journal of Food Microbiology}},
  issn         = {{1879-3460}},
  keywords     = {{Blown pack spoilage, MALDI-TOF MS, PCR, 16S rRNA, C. frigoriphilum, C. tagluense-like}},
  pages        = {{162--169}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier }},
  title        = {{{Development of a multiplex qPCR for the species identification of Clostridium estertheticum, C. frigoriphilum, C. bowmanii and C. tagluense-like from blown pack spoilage (BPS) meats and from wild boars}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.020}},
  volume       = {{286}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@misc{12974,
  abstract     = {{BACKGROUND
Fruits and vegetables have increasingly been related to foodborne outbreaks. Besides surface contamination, a possible internalization of microorganisms into edible parts of plants during growth has already been observed. To examine an actual risk for the consumer, microbial contamination of the rind and pulp of 147 muskmelons from international trade was assessed using cultural and biochemical methods, polymerase chain reaction and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
One hundred percent of the rind samples [3.69–8.92 log colony forming units (CFU) g−1] and 89.8% of the pulp samples (maximum load 3.66 log CFU g−1) were microbiologically contaminated. Among the 432 pulp isolates, opportunistic and potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified, mainly Staphylococcus spp. (48.9%), Clostridium spp. (42.9%) and Enterobacteriaceae (27.9%). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and isolates of the Bacillus cereus group were found on the rind (1.4%, 0.7% and 42.9%, respectively) and in the pulp (0.7%, 1.4% and 4.7%). Clostridium perfringens was isolated from the rind of seven melons.
CONCLUSION
The present study revealed a regularly occurring internal contamination of melons. Possible health risks for consumers because of an occurrence of microorganisms in melon pulp should be considered in future food safety assessments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.}},
  author       = {{Esteban‐Cuesta, Irene and Drees, Nathalie and Ulrich, Sebastian and Stauch, Peter and Sperner, Brigitte and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Gottschalk, Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{Journal of the science of food and agriculture : incorporating Agri-Biotech}},
  issn         = {{1097-0010}},
  keywords     = {{foodborne pathogens, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacteriaceae, vegetables}},
  number       = {{13}},
  pages        = {{5074--5081}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{Endogenous microbial contamination of melons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) from international trade: an underestimated risk for the consumer?}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/jsfa.9045}},
  volume       = {{98}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@misc{12988,
  abstract     = {{BACKGROUND
Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) is still a major challenge in transfusion medicine. Different methodologic concepts and screening strategies have been developed and investigated concerning their usability. We evaluated the feasibility of BacT/ALERT automated culture (BacT/A, bioMérieux) with late sampling after 3 days at the earliest.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
Twenty-four bacterial strains isolated from PCs and six relevant strains from reference stocks were spiked into apheresis-derived PCs (10-60 colony-forming units [CFU]/bag). Sampling was performed after 3 days, and bacterial detection was investigated using the two detection methods (BacT/A and BactiFlow [BF], bioMérieux). The maximum time-to-result of BacT/A was set to less than 12 hours.
RESULTS
All medium- or high-pathogenic strains are capable of proliferating to high titers, and 100% of contaminated samples were detected by BF and BacT/A (6 to ≤12 h incubation); lower detection rates of BacT/A were obtained within 6 hours of incubation (≤6 h: 76.2-93.4%). The majority of low-pathogenic isolates are also capable of growing in PCs (89.7%), showing a detection rate of 74.3% for BF versus 54.3% for BacT/A (6 to ≤12 h incubation). BacT/A failed to detect bacteria within 6 hours of incubation. Certainly, a small number of strains did not grow under PC storage conditions and were detectable by BacT/A only with increased detection times.
CONCLUSIONS
Late sampling after 3 days at the earliest, combined with reduced BacT/A incubation following the negative-to-date concept, offer an alternative opportunity to extend the shelf life of PCs from 4 to 5 days in Germany. The sensitivity of BacT/A with late sampling is nearly comparable to BF; the time-to-result is considerably longer.
}},
  author       = {{Vollmer, Tanja and Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Weinstock, Melanie and Knabbe, Cornelius and Dreier, Jens}},
  booktitle    = {{Transfusion}},
  issn         = {{1537-2995}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{1654--1664}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  title        = {{{Late sampling for automated culture to extend the platelet shelf life to 5 days in Germany}}},
  doi          = {{10.1111/trf.14617}},
  volume       = {{58}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@misc{12989,
  author       = {{Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Weinstock, Melanie and Pfannebecker, Jens and Becker, Barbara}},
  booktitle    = {{26th International ICFMH Conference - FoodMicro 2018}},
  location     = {{Berlin}},
  pages        = {{482}},
  title        = {{{Usage of cold hydrogen peroxide vapour for inactivation of murine norovirus on fruit and vegetable surfaces.}}},
  doi          = {{10.13140/RG.2.2.12883.08484}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@misc{12990,
  author       = {{Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Weinstock, Melanie and Pfannebecker, Jens and Meyer, Sonja and Schwetka, Mona  and Becker, Barbara}},
  booktitle    = {{70th Annual Conference of the German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-9816508-6-0}},
  location     = {{Bochum}},
  publisher    = {{Conventus Congressmanagement & Marketing GmbH }},
  title        = {{{Application of cold nebulized hydrogen peroxide for inactivation of murine norovirus, bacteria and bacteria spores on surfaces in food production.}}},
  doi          = {{10.13140/RG.2.2.22949.41447}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@misc{12975,
  abstract     = {{Properly handled fish is usually marketed as “fresh fish” until day 10 after fishing. About 40% of the total fishery that is used for direct human consumption is marketed in fresh form stored at temperatures up to +2 °C. Currently, there are no validated methods available for controlling the recommended period of storage. Apart from being a potential source for food fraud, spoiled fish represents a major source of foodborne illnesses and intoxications.
In this study, a rapid MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry based screening method was developed using the vitreous fluid of fish eyes as specimen for the examination of different days of storage. The vitreous fluid was collected from n = 100 freshly fished brown trouts at day 0, 3, 7, 9, and 11 post mortem (n = 20 brown trouts each day of examination). The samples were immediately measured by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in linear positive mode (mass range m/z 2000–20,000 Da). For quality assurance the experiment was repeated with a set of brown trouts (n = 100) originating from the same fish farm and with brown trouts (n = 100) originating from a different fish farm. For specificity testing rainbow trouts (n = 10) were examined accordingly. All obtained mass spectra were processed by means of MALDI Biotyper OC 3.1 and ClinProTools 3.0 software.
The MALDI Biotyper approach showed limited applicability for the identification of the time of storage. However, it was suitable to reliably discriminate between the closely related species brown and rainbow trout. Processing by ClinProTools revealed four crucial mass peaks (m/z 2594 Da, m/z 4857 Da, m/z 4879 Da, m/z 4899 Da) which enabled a reliable differentiation between day 0 and 3, 7, 9, 11 (rate of correct identification > 90%) as well as the differentiation between day 3 and 7, 9, 11 (rate of correct identification > 72%). However, this approach showed limited applicability within the end of the tested period of storage when comparing between day 7, 9, or 11.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Beindorf, Philipp–Michael and Biermaier, Barbara and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Gottschalk, Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{Food Control}},
  issn         = {{0956-7135}},
  keywords     = {{MALDI-TOF, Mass spectrometry, Freshness, Fish, Quality control, Authenticity}},
  number       = {{10}},
  pages        = {{281--289}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier }},
  title        = {{{A novel approach for the determination of freshness and identity of trouts by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.005}},
  volume       = {{80}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@misc{12976,
  abstract     = {{The consumption of edible insects (entomophagy) will gain greater significance facing the increasing global population, which is suggested to reach 9 billion people in 2050 (FAO., 2009). Due to their high amount of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals insects represent a valuable source of essential nutrients.
While the consumption of insects is very common in many countries of Africa and Asia, there is a far smaller acceptance for entomophagy in Western cultures. Though, products such as noodles or burger paddies made from insect meal have a better compliance and can already be purchased in some countries of the European Union. This processing step however involves the risk of adulteration, because there is no more possibility to authenticate the insects once they are ground.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether edible insects could be measured and distinguished by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry). Therefore, different kinds of edible insects (buffalo worms, mealworms, crickets and grasshoppers) were purchased via online shops and ground subsequently. The insect powder was extracted by vigorously shaking in diluted formic acid and measured by MALDI-TOF MS. The measurement provided reproducible as well as specific mass spectra and enabled a precise differentiation of the different species.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Kühn, Ulrike and Biermaier, Barbara and Piacenza, Nicolo and Schwaiger, Karin and Gottschalk, Christoph and Gareis, Manfred}},
  booktitle    = {{Food Control}},
  issn         = {{0956-7135}},
  keywords     = {{MALDI-TOF MS, Mass spectrometry, Edible insects, Authenticity, Food quality}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{96--101}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{{Direct identification of edible insects by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.010}},
  volume       = {{76}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@book{2379,
  author       = {{Becker, Barbara and Pfannebecker, Jens}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-95468-388-8}},
  pages        = {{80}},
  publisher    = {{Behr`s Verlag}},
  title        = {{{Lebensmittelassoziierte Viren - Norovirus }}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

@misc{12977,
  abstract     = {{Stachybotrys (S.) spp. are omnipresent cellulolytic molds. Some species are highly toxic owing to their ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites such as macrocyclic trichothecenes or hemolysins. The reliable identification of Stachybotrys at species level is currently limited to genome-based identification. This study aimed to establish a fast and reliable MALDI-TOF MS identification method by optimizing the pre-analytical steps for protein extraction for subsequent generation of high-quality fingerprint mass spectra. Eight reference strains of the American Type Culture Collection and the Technical University of Denmark were cultivated in triplicate (biological repetitions) for 2 days in malt extract broth. The mycelia (1.5 ml) were first washed with 75 % ethanol and an additional washing step with dimethyl sulfoxide (10 %) was added to remove unspecific low weight masses. Furthermore, mycelia were broken with roughened glass beads in formic acid (70 %) and acetonitrile. The method was successfully applied to a total of 45 isolates of Stachybotrys originating from three different habitats (indoor, feed, and food samples; n = 15 each): Twenty-seven isolates of S. chartarum and 18 isolates of S. chlorohalonata could be identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The data obtained exactly matched those obtained by genome-based identification. The mean score values for S. chartarum ranged from 2.509 to 2.739 and from 2.148 to 2.622 for S. chlorohalonata with a very good reproducibility: the relative standard deviations were between 0.3 % and 6.8 %. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a fast and reliable alternative to identification of Stachybotrys spp. by nucleotide amplification and sequencing.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Biermaier, Barbara and Bader, Oliver and Wolf, Georg and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Didier, Andrea and Sperner, Brigitte and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Gottschalk, Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{  Analytical & bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica}},
  issn         = {{1618-2650}},
  keywords     = {{Stachybotrys spp, MALDI-TOF MS, Mass spectrometry, Filamentous fungi}},
  number       = {{27}},
  pages        = {{7565--7581}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9}},
  volume       = {{408}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}

@article{2357,
  author       = {{Becker, Barbara and Nerenz, Heiko  and Quadflieg, Jutta Maria and Schrader, Andreas and Becker, Verena }},
  journal      = {{SOFW-Journal : Home & personal care ingredients & formulations; Deutsche Ausgabe}},
  number       = {{11}},
  pages        = {{10--17}},
  publisher    = {{Verl. für Chemische Industrie, Ziolkowsky}},
  title        = {{{Phtoalexine als antimikrobielle Pflanzenwirkstoffe für die Kosmetik}}},
  volume       = {{140}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@misc{12978,
  abstract     = {{Diet change and fatness are supposed to challenge the immune system of the cow. Therefore, immunological and haematological consequences of adaptation to and continued feeding of a high-energy diet were studied in eight non-pregnant, non-lactating Holstein cows over 16 weeks. Blood haptoglobin concentration remained unaltered, suggesting that an acute phase reaction was not induced. Stimulation ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and stimulated oxidative burst capacity of granulocytes increased significantly in the course of the experiment after an initial drop. While total leucocyte counts increased, the proportion of granulocytes increased and that of lymphocytes decreased at the same time as the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes did. Capability of rumen microbes to detoxify the immune-modulating mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was not compromised as indicated by the exclusive presence of de-DON as the detoxified DON metabolite in blood. In conclusion, both diet change and prolonged positive energy balance influenced the bovine immune system.}},
  author       = {{Dänicke, Sven and Meyer, Ulrich and Winkler, Janine and Ulrich, Sebastian and Frahm, Jana and Kersten, Susanne and Valenta, Hana and Rehage, Jürgen and Häussler, Susanne and Sauerwein, Helga and Locher, Lena}},
  booktitle    = {{Archives of Animal Nutrition}},
  issn         = {{1477-2817}},
  keywords     = {{Dairy cowsdeoxynivalenol, energy consumption, functional responses, haematology, leucocytes, mycotoxins, zearalenone}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{1--16}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Haematological and immunological adaptations of non-pregnant, non-lactating dairy cows to a high-energetic diet containing mycotoxins}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/1745039x.2015.1117561}},
  volume       = {{70}},
  year         = {{2015}},
}

@misc{2363,
  author       = {{Becker, Barbara}},
  booktitle    = {{Brauwelt International}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{252--256}},
  title        = {{{useful for beverage spoilage microoganism}}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@article{2403,
  author       = {{Becker, Barbara and Becker, Verena and Nerenz, Heiko and Schrader, Andreas}},
  issn         = {{0942-7694}},
  journal      = {{SOFW-Journal : Home & personal care ingredients & formulations; Deutsche Ausgabe}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{26 -- 27, 30}},
  publisher    = {{Verl. für Chemische Industrie, Ziolkowsky}},
  title        = {{{Einsatz der Durchflusszytometrie zum Nachweis der antimikrobiellen Wirkung von Phytoalexinen und Pflanzenextrakten}}},
  volume       = {{140}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@misc{12979,
  abstract     = {{Physiological consequences of adaptation to and continued feeding of a high-energetic diet were studied in eight non-pregnant, non-lactating dairy Holstein cows over a period of 16 weeks. The first six weeks served as an adaptation period from the low energetic straw-based diet (3.8 MJ NEL/kg DM) to the high-energetic ration (7.5 MJ NEL/kg DM). Intake of dry matter (DM) increased with dietary energy concentration from 9 to 20 kg/d up to week 9 to 12 and decreased thereafter. The initial live weight (LW) of 550 ± 60 kg was increased linearly and corresponded to an average daily LW gain of 2.3 ± 0.3 kg. Energy balance increased approximately nine-fold to a maximum of 114 MJ NEL/d in week 10. Ruminal fermentation pattern was completely changed from an acetate dominating profile to a propionate based one, which was paralleled by a marked increase in the rumen fluid endotoxin concentration. Unlike blood glucose concentration, which increased continuously, that of cholesterol and triglycerides started to increase after an initial stagnation. In conclusion, both ruminal adaptation to a high-energetic diet and the continued feeding of such a diet induced digestive and metabolic adaptations in non-pregnant, non-lactating cows characterised by a progressing positive energy balance.}},
  author       = {{Dänicke, Sven and Meyer, Ulrich and Winkler, Janine and Schulz, Kirsten and Ulrich, Sebastian and Frahm, Jana and Kersten, Susanne and Rehage, Jürgen and Breves, Gerhard and Häußler, Susanne and Sauerwein, Helga and Locher, Lena}},
  booktitle    = {{Archives of Animal Nutrition}},
  issn         = {{1477-2817}},
  keywords     = {{blood chemistry, dairy cows, endotoxins, energy balance, energy content, rumen fermentation}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{460--477}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Description of a bovine model for studying digestive and metabolic effects of a positive energy balance not biased by lactation or gravidity}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/1745039x.2014.973243}},
  volume       = {{68}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@misc{12984,
  abstract     = {{Background
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by late onset and progressive calcification of elastic fibers in skin, eyes and the cardiovascular system, exemplifying a model for conditions characterized by soft tissue calcification.
Objective
The aim of our study was to characterize cellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) homeostasis in PXE.
Methods
Gene expression of PPi metabolizing enzymes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR after incubation up to 21 days with or without addition of Na2HPO4. Extracellular and cytosolic PPi concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked bioluminescence assay. ALP and ENPP1 activity was determined spectrophotometrically. We further established a human cell culture model suitable for investigating PXE and related disorders without addition of artificial calcification triggers.
Results
Independently of the experimental conditions, PXE fibroblasts revealed a higher degree of matrix calcification. We observed that matrix calcification was associated with altered gene expression of PPi metabolizing enzymes in PXE fibroblasts. In this context, PXE fibroblasts exhibited significantly higher expression of ALP and OPN and reduced mRNA expression and activity of ENPP1. Here, for the first time cytosolic and extracellular PPi levels were shown to be strongly reduced in PXE fibroblasts. We further showed that PPi concentration in bovine and human sera additives had a strong impact on matrix calcification. In a last experimental line, we demonstrated that addition of PPi analogs reduced matrix calcification of PXE fibroblasts most likely by reducing ALP and OPN mRNA expression, restoring ENPP1 activity and subsequently elevating PPi concentrations.
Conclusion
The results of our study along with recent findings point to the essential role of PPi as the central regulatory metabolites preventing matrix calcification in PXE. But what remains to be determined is the underlying molecular mechanism leading to depletion of PPi in PXE. We further suggest that supplementation of PPi analogs might counteract pathological calcification in PXE and related disorders.}},
  author       = {{Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Kuzaj, Patricia and Götting, Christian and Knabbe, Cornelius and Hendig, Doris}},
  booktitle    = {{Journal of Dermatological Science}},
  issn         = {{1873-569X}},
  keywords     = {{Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Calcification, Pyrophosphate, Bisphosphonate, ABCC6, Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphate, Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{109--120}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier }},
  title        = {{{Pyrophosphates as a major inhibitor of matrix calcification in Pseudoxanthoma elasticum}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.04.015}},
  volume       = {{75}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@misc{12985,
  abstract     = {{Objectives
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by progressive calcification and fragmentation of elastic fibers. Because of the great clinical variability between PXE patients the involvement of modifier genes was recently suggested. Therefore, we investigated the association of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in selected candidate genes known to regulate cellular pyrophosphate metabolism.
Design and methods
We used RLFP analyses to evaluate the distribution of SNVs in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (ENPP1) and ankylosis (ANKH) in DNA samples from 190 German PXE patients and 190 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher exact test and Bonferroni correction.
Results
The screening revealed three different SNVs in three genes, which were associated with PXE. The SNV c.1190-65C > A (rs1780329, minor allele frequency (MAF) patients: 0.17; controls: 0.11; P = 0.04) in the ALP gene was significantly more frequent in PXE patients. Furthermore, PXE was highly associated with ANKH p.A98A genotype TT (P = 0.0012), although the MAF was not different between patients and controls. After correction for multiple testing according to the Bonferroni method, one SNV in the ENPP1 gene (c.313 + 9G > T, rs7773477) remained significantly associated with PXE with significantly higher MAF values in the patient cohort (MAF: 0.04 vs. 0.00; P = 0.0024) and a high association with PXE susceptibility (OR 27.96).
Conclusion
Polymorphisms in ALP, ENPP1 and ANKH are important genetic risk factors contributing to PXE.}},
  author       = {{Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Brock, Alexander and Kuzaj, Patricia and Charbel Issa, Peter and Szliska, Christiane and Knabbe, Cornelius and Hendig, Doris}},
  booktitle    = {{Clinical Biochemistry}},
  issn         = {{1873-2933}},
  keywords     = {{Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Calcification, Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1, Ankylosis}},
  number       = {{15}},
  pages        = {{60--67}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{{Variants in genes encoding pyrophosphate metabolizing enzymes are associated with Pseudoxanthoma elasticum}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.07.003}},
  volume       = {{47}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@misc{12986,
  abstract     = {{Background
Dysregulations in cholesterol and lipid metabolism have been linked to human diseases like hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis or the metabolic syndrome. Many ABC transporters are involved in trafficking of metabolites derived from these pathways. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), an autosomal-recessive disease caused by ABCC6 mutations, is characterized by atherogenesis and soft tissue calcification.
Methods
In this study we investigated the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis in human dermal fibroblasts from PXE patients and healthy controls.
Results
Gene expression analysis of 84 targets indicated dysregulations in cholesterol metabolism in PXE fibroblasts. Transcript levels of ABCC6 were strongly increased in lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) and under serum starvation in healthy controls. For the first time, increased HMG CoA reductase activities were found in PXE fibroblasts. We further observed strongly elevated transcript and protein levels for the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), as well as a significant reduction in APOE mRNA expression in PXE.
Conclusion
Increased cholesterol biosynthesis, elevated PCSK9 levels and reduced APOE mRNA expression newly found in PXE fibroblasts could enforce atherogenesis and cardiovascular risk in PXE patients. Moreover, the increase in ABCC6 expression accompanied by the induction of cholesterol biosynthesis supposes a functional role for ABCC6 in human lipoprotein and cholesterol homeostasis.}},
  author       = {{Kuzaj, Patricia and Kuhn, Joachim and Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Faust, Isabel and Götting, Christian and Knabbe, Cornelius and Hendig, Doris}},
  booktitle    = {{Lipids in Health and Disease}},
  issn         = {{1476-511X}},
  keywords     = {{Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, ABC transporter, ABCC6, Cholesterol biosynthesis, Atherosclerosis, HMG CoA reductase, SREBP2, PCSK9, LDLR, APOE}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Biomed Central }},
  title        = {{{ABCC6- a new player in cellular cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism?}}},
  doi          = {{10.1186/1476-511x-13-118}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@misc{12987,
  abstract     = {{Mutations in the ABC transporter ABCC6 were recently identified as cause of Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive mineralization of elastic fibers. We used an untargeted metabolic approach to identify biochemical differences between human dermal fibroblasts from healthy controls and PXE patients in an attempt to find a link between ABCC6 deficiency, cellular metabolic alterations and disease pathogenesis. 358 compounds were identified by mass spectrometry covering lipids, amino acids, peptides, carbohydrates, nucleotides, vitamins and cofactors, xenobiotics and energy metabolites. We found substantial differences in glycerophospholipid composition, leucine dipeptides, and polypeptides as well as alterations in pantothenate and guanine metabolism to be significantly associated with PXE pathogenesis. These findings can be linked to extracellular matrix remodeling and increased oxidative stress, which reflect characteristic hallmarks of PXE. Our study could facilitate a better understanding of biochemical pathways involved in soft tissue mineralization.}},
  author       = {{Kuzaj, Patricia and Kuhn, Joachim and Michalek, Ryan D. and Karoly, Edward D. and Faust, Isabel and Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Knabbe, Cornelius and Hendig, Doris}},
  booktitle    = {{PLOS ONE / Public Library of Science }},
  issn         = {{1932-6203}},
  number       = {{9}},
  publisher    = {{Public Library of Science (PLoS)}},
  title        = {{{Large-Scaled Metabolic Profiling of Human Dermal Fibroblasts Derived from Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Patients and Healthy Controls}}},
  doi          = {{10.1371/journal.pone.0108336}},
  volume       = {{9}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}

@inproceedings{5348,
  author       = {{Schwarzer, Knut and Schneider, Jan and Becker, Barbara and Müller, Ulrich}},
  location     = {{Stuttgart - Hohenheim}},
  title        = {{{Entkeimungsauslegung mit der "Lemgo D- and z-value Database for Food}}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}

@misc{12983,
  abstract     = {{Background
A broad spectrum of pathogens is causative for respiratory tract infections, but symptoms are mostly similar. Therefore, the identification of the causative viruses and bacteria is only feasible using multiplex PCR or several monoplex PCR tests in parallel.
Methods
The analytical sensitivity of three multiplex PCR assays, RespiFinder-19, RespiFinder-SMART-22 and xTAG-Respiratory-Virus-Panel-Fast-Assay (RVP), were compared to monoplex real-time PCR with quantified standardized control material. All assays include the most common respiratory pathogens.
Results
To compare the analytical sensitivity of the multiplex assays, samples were inoculated with 13 different quantified viruses in the range of 101 to 105 copies/ml. Concordant results were received for rhinovirus, whereas the RVP detected influenzavirus, RSV and hMPV more frequently in low concentrations. The RespiFinder-19 and the RespiFinder-SMART-22 showed a higher analytical sensitivity for adenoviruses and coronaviruses, whereas the RVP was incapable to detect adenovirus and coronavirus in concentrations of 104 copies/ml. The RespiFinder-19 and RespiFinder-SMART-22A did not detect influenzaviruses (104 copies/ml) and RSV (103 copies/ml). The detection of all 13 viruses in one sample was only achieved using monoplex PCR. To analyze possible competitive amplification reactions between the different viruses, samples were further inoculated with only 4 different viruses in one sample. Compared to the detection of 13 viruses in parallel, only a few differences were found.
The incidence of respiratory viruses was compared in tracheal secretion (TS) samples (n = 100) of mechanically ventilated patients in winter (n = 50) and summer (n = 50). In winter, respiratory viruses were detected in 32 TS samples (64%) by RespiFinder-19, whereas the detection rate with RVP was only 22%. The most frequent viruses were adenovirus (32%) and PIV-2 (20%). Multiple infections were detected in 16 TS samples (32%) by RespiFinder-19. Fewer infections were found in summer (RespiFinder-19: 20%; RVP: 6%). All positive results were verified using monoplex PCR.
Conclusions
Multiplex PCR tests have a broad spectrum of pathogens to test at a time. Analysis of multiple inoculated samples revealed a different focus of the detected virus types by the three assays. Analysis of clinical samples showed a high concordance of detected viruses by the RespiFinder-19 compared to monoplex tests.}},
  author       = {{Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Vollmer, Tanja and Adams, Ortwin and Knabbe, Cornelius and Dreier, Jens}},
  booktitle    = {{BMC Infectious Diseases}},
  issn         = {{1471-2334}},
  keywords     = {{Respiratory Virus, Elution Volume, Multiplex Assay, Multiple Infection, Bocavirus}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Comparison of three multiplex PCR assays for the detection of respiratory viral infections: evaluation of xTAG respiratory virus panel fast assay, RespiFinder 19 assay and RespiFinder SMART 22 assay}}},
  doi          = {{10.1186/1471-2334-12-163}},
  volume       = {{12}},
  year         = {{2012}},
}

@article{2748,
  author       = {{Schneider, Jan and Müller, Ulrich and Schwarzer, Knut and Becker, Barbara and Wilhelm, Patrick}},
  issn         = {{0934-9340}},
  journal      = {{Brauwelt International}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{252 -- 256}},
  publisher    = {{Fachverlag Hans Carl GmbH}},
  title        = {{{Lemgo Database for D- and z-values: useful for beverage spoilage microorgansim}}},
  year         = {{2010}},
}

@article{2763,
  author       = {{Schwarzer, Knut and Schneider, Jan and Müller, Ulrich and Becker, Barbara and Wilhelm, Patrick}},
  issn         = {{	0724-696X}},
  journal      = {{Brauwelt}},
  number       = {{18}},
  pages        = {{540 -- 544}},
  publisher    = {{Fachverlag Hans Carl GmbH}},
  title        = {{{Lemgoer Datenbank für D- und z-Werte: Anwendung für getränkeschädliche Mikroorganismen}}},
  volume       = {{150}},
  year         = {{2010}},
}

@misc{2361,
  author       = {{Becker, Barbara and Hildebrandt, Goetz and Erol, Irfan  and Kleer, Josef and Manopas, Aranya Sira}},
  booktitle    = {{Fleischwirtschaft }},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{61--65}},
  title        = {{{Von der Döner - Prüfung zum Döner - Heariing}}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}

@inproceedings{6128,
  author       = {{Schwarzer, Knut and Becker, Barbara and Schneider, Jan and Müller, Ulrich}},
  location     = {{Lausanne}},
  title        = {{{Die Lemgo D- and z-value Datebase for Food (LDzBase): Ein Werkzeug zur Einführung von minimal processing in der Entkeimung}}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}

@inproceedings{6141,
  author       = {{Schwarzer, Knut and Becker, Barbara and Schneider, Jan and Müller, Ulrich}},
  location     = {{Lemgo}},
  title        = {{{Die Lemgo D- and z-value Datebase for Food (LDzBase): Ein Werkzeug zur Einführung von minimal processing in der Entkeimung}}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}

@misc{12982,
  abstract     = {{Contaminated food is a significant vehicle for human norovirus transmission. The present study determined the effect of physicochemical treatments on the tenacity of infective human norovirus genogroup II in selected foods. Artificially contaminated produce was subjected to a number of processes used by the food industry for preservation and by the consumer for storage and preparation. Virus recovery was carried out by using ultrafiltration and was monitored by using bacteriophage MS2 as an internal process control. Norovirus was quantified by using monoplex one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and an external standard curve based on recombinant RNA standards. An RNase pretreatment step was used to avoid false-positive PCR results caused by accessible RNA, which allowed detection of intact virus particles. Significant reductions in titers were obtained with heat treatments usually applied by consumers for food preparation (baking, cooking, roasting). Generally, processes used for preservation and storage, such as cooling, freezing, acidification (≥pH 4.5), and moderate heat treatments (pasteurization), appear to be insufficient to inactivate norovirus within a food matrix or on the surface of food. Besides data for persistence in processed food, comparable data for individual matrix-specific protective effects, recovery rates, and inhibitory effects on the PCRs were obtained in this study. The established procedure might be used for other noncultivable enteric RNA viruses that are connected to food-borne diseases. The data obtained in this study may also help optimize the process for inactivation of norovirus in food by adjusting food processing technologies and may promote the development of risk assessment systems in order to improve consumer protection.}},
  author       = {{Mormann, Sascha and Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike and Becker, Barbara}},
  booktitle    = {{  Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology}},
  issn         = {{1098-5336}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{536--545}},
  publisher    = {{American Society for Microbiology}},
  title        = {{{Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods}}},
  doi          = {{10.1128/aem.01797-09}},
  volume       = {{76}},
  year         = {{2009}},
}

@inproceedings{2359,
  author       = {{Becker, Barbara}},
  title        = {{{Lebensmittelassoziierte Viren - aktuelle Apekte}}},
  year         = {{2004}},
}