---
_id: '6689'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Free amino nitrogen (FAN) concentrations in beer mash can be determined with
machine learning algorithms\r\nfrom near-infrared (NIR) spectra. NIR spectroscopy
is an alternative to a classical chemical analysis and\r\nallows for the application
of inline process quality control. This study investigates the capabilities of\r\ndifferent
machine learning techniques such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, Decision
Tree\r\nRegressor (DTR), Bayesian Ridge Regression (BRR), Ridge Regression (RR),
K-nearest neighbours (KNN)\r\nregression as well as Support Vector Regression
(SVR) to predict the FAN content in beer mash from NIR\r\nspectra. Various pre-processing
strategies such as principal component analysis (PCA) and data\r\nstandardization
were used to process NIR data that were used to train the machine learning algorithms.\r\nAlgorithm
training was conducted with NIR data obtained from 16 beer mashes with varying
FAN\r\nconcentrations. The trained models were then validated with 4 beer mashes
that were not used for model\r\ntraining. Machine learning algorithms based on
linear regression showed the highest prediction accuracy on\r\nunpre-processed
data. BRR reached a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 2.58 mg/L
(R2 = 0.96)\r\nand a prediction accuracy (RMSEP) of 2.81 mg/L (R2 = 0.96). The
FAN concentration range of the investigated\r\nsamples was between approx. 180
and 220 mg/L. Machine learning based NIR spectra analysis is an alternative\r\nto
classical chemical FAN level determination methods and can also be used as inline
sensor system."
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Patrick
full_name: Wefing, Patrick
id: '68976'
last_name: Wefing
- first_name: Florian
full_name: Conradi, Florian
id: '68967'
last_name: Conradi
- first_name: Johannes
full_name: Rämisch, Johannes
last_name: Rämisch
- first_name: Peter
full_name: Neubauer, Peter
last_name: Neubauer
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Schneider, Jan
id: '13209'
last_name: Schneider
orcid: 0000-0001-6401-8873
citation:
ama: Wefing P, Conradi F, Rämisch J, Neubauer P, Schneider J. Determination of free
amino nitrogen in beer mash with an inline NIR transflectance probe and data evaluation
by machine learning algorithms. Brewing science . 2021;74(9/10):107-121.
doi:https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-10wefing
apa: Wefing, P., Conradi, F., Rämisch, J., Neubauer, P., & Schneider, J. (2021).
Determination of free amino nitrogen in beer mash with an inline NIR transflectance
probe and data evaluation by machine learning algorithms. Brewing Science ,
74(9/10), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-10wefing
bjps: Wefing P et al. (2021) Determination of Free Amino Nitrogen
in Beer Mash with an Inline NIR Transflectance Probe and Data Evaluation by Machine
Learning Algorithms. Brewing science 74, 107–121.
chicago: 'Wefing, Patrick, Florian Conradi, Johannes Rämisch, Peter Neubauer, and
Jan Schneider. “Determination of Free Amino Nitrogen in Beer Mash with an Inline
NIR Transflectance Probe and Data Evaluation by Machine Learning Algorithms.”
Brewing Science 74, no. 9/10 (2021): 107–21. https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-10wefing.'
chicago-de: 'Wefing, Patrick, Florian Conradi, Johannes Rämisch, Peter Neubauer
und Jan Schneider. 2021. Determination of free amino nitrogen in beer mash with
an inline NIR transflectance probe and data evaluation by machine learning algorithms.
Brewing science 74, Nr. 9/10: 107–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-10wefing,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Wefing, Patrick ; Conradi, Florian ; Rämisch,
Johannes ; Neubauer, Peter
; Schneider, Jan: Determination
of free amino nitrogen in beer mash with an inline NIR transflectance probe and
data evaluation by machine learning algorithms. In: Brewing science Bd.
74, Carl (2021), Nr. 9/10, S. 107–121'
havard: P. Wefing, F. Conradi, J. Rämisch, P. Neubauer, J. Schneider, Determination
of free amino nitrogen in beer mash with an inline NIR transflectance probe and
data evaluation by machine learning algorithms, Brewing Science . 74 (2021) 107–121.
ieee: 'P. Wefing, F. Conradi, J. Rämisch, P. Neubauer, and J. Schneider, “Determination
of free amino nitrogen in beer mash with an inline NIR transflectance probe and
data evaluation by machine learning algorithms,” Brewing science , vol.
74, no. 9/10, pp. 107–121, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-10wefing.'
mla: Wefing, Patrick, et al. “Determination of Free Amino Nitrogen in Beer Mash
with an Inline NIR Transflectance Probe and Data Evaluation by Machine Learning
Algorithms.” Brewing Science , vol. 74, no. 9/10, 2021, pp. 107–21, https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-10wefing.
short: P. Wefing, F. Conradi, J. Rämisch, P. Neubauer, J. Schneider, Brewing Science 74
(2021) 107–121.
ufg: 'Wefing, Patrick u. a.: Determination of free amino nitrogen in beer
mash with an inline NIR transflectance probe and data evaluation by machine learning
algorithms, in: Brewing science 74 (2021), H. 9/10, S. 107–121.'
van: Wefing P, Conradi F, Rämisch J, Neubauer P, Schneider J. Determination of free
amino nitrogen in beer mash with an inline NIR transflectance probe and data evaluation
by machine learning algorithms. Brewing science . 2021;74(9/10):107–21.
date_created: 2021-11-02T10:06:04Z
date_updated: 2025-01-30T15:43:53Z
department:
- _id: DEP1308
- _id: DEP4028
doi: https://doi.org/10.23763/BrSc21-10wefing
intvolume: ' 74'
issue: 9/10
keyword:
- mashing
- NIR
- machine learning
- FAN
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355735532_Determination_of_free_amino_nitrogen_in_beer_mash_with_an_inline_NIR_transflectance_probe_and_data_evaluation_by_machine_learning_algorithms
oa: '1'
page: 107 - 121
publication: 'Brewing science '
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 0723-1520
issn:
- 1866-5195
publication_status: published
publisher: Carl
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Determination of free amino nitrogen in beer mash with an inline NIR transflectance
probe and data evaluation by machine learning algorithms
type: journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 74
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '3399'
author:
- first_name: Anna
full_name: Dammann, Anna
last_name: Dammann
- first_name: Knut
full_name: Schwarzer, Knut
id: '13329'
last_name: Schwarzer
- first_name: Peter
full_name: Neubauer, Peter
last_name: Neubauer
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Schneider, Jan
id: '13209'
last_name: Schneider
orcid: 0000-0001-6401-8873
citation:
ama: Dammann A, Schwarzer K, Neubauer P, Schneider J. Effect of Residence Time Distribution
in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms. BrewingScience.
2014;67(7):101-107.
apa: Dammann, A., Schwarzer, K., Neubauer, P., & Schneider, J. (2014). Effect
of Residence Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms.
BrewingScience, 67(7), 101–107.
bjps: Dammann A et al. (2014) Effect of Residence Time Distribution
in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms. BrewingScience
67, 101–107.
chicago: 'Dammann, Anna, Knut Schwarzer, Peter Neubauer, and Jan Schneider. “Effect
of Residence Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms.”
BrewingScience 67, no. 7 (2014): 101–7.'
chicago-de: 'Dammann, Anna, Knut Schwarzer, Peter Neubauer und Jan Schneider. 2014.
Effect of Residence Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death
of Microorganisms. BrewingScience 67, Nr. 7: 101–107.'
din1505-2-1: 'Dammann, Anna ; Schwarzer, Knut ; Neubauer,
Peter ; Schneider, Jan: Effect
of Residence Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms.
In: BrewingScience Bd. 67, Carl (2014), Nr. 7, S. 101–107'
havard: A. Dammann, K. Schwarzer, P. Neubauer, J. Schneider, Effect of Residence
Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms,
BrewingScience. 67 (2014) 101–107.
ieee: A. Dammann, K. Schwarzer, P. Neubauer, and J. Schneider, “Effect of Residence
Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms,”
BrewingScience, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 101–107, 2014.
mla: Dammann, Anna, et al. “Effect of Residence Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers
on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms.” BrewingScience, vol. 67, no. 7,
2014, pp. 101–07.
short: A. Dammann, K. Schwarzer, P. Neubauer, J. Schneider, BrewingScience 67 (2014)
101–107.
ufg: 'Dammann, Anna u. a.: Effect of Residence Time Distribution in Flash
Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms, in: BrewingScience
67 (2014), H. 7, S. 101–107.'
van: Dammann A, Schwarzer K, Neubauer P, Schneider J. Effect of Residence Time Distribution
in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal Death of Microorganisms. BrewingScience.
2014;67(7):101–7.
date_created: 2020-09-02T08:16:46Z
date_updated: 2023-03-15T13:49:46Z
department:
- _id: DEP4023
- _id: DEP4018
intvolume: ' 67'
issue: '7'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303758405_Effect_of_residence_time_distribution_in_flash_pasteurizers_on_the_thermal_death_of_microorganisms
oa: '1'
page: 101-107
publication: BrewingScience
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 0723-1520
issn:
- '1866-5195 '
publication_status: published
publisher: Carl
status: public
title: Effect of Residence Time Distribution in Flash Pasteurizers on the Thermal
Death of Microorganisms
type: journal_article
user_id: '13209'
volume: 67
year: 2014
...
---
_id: '3529'
author:
- first_name: Jan
full_name: Schneider, Jan
id: '13209'
last_name: Schneider
orcid: 0000-0001-6401-8873
- first_name: M.
full_name: Orzinski, M.
last_name: Orzinski
- first_name: W.
full_name: Hunger, W.
last_name: Hunger
citation:
ama: Schneider J, Orzinski M, Hunger W. Determination of oxygen ingress and carbon
dioxide loss through plastic bottles using permeation simulation with hydrogen.
BrewingScience . 2007;60(3/4):55-59.
apa: Schneider, J., Orzinski, M., & Hunger, W. (2007). Determination of oxygen
ingress and carbon dioxide loss through plastic bottles using permeation simulation
with hydrogen. BrewingScience , 60(3/4), 55–59.
bjps: Schneider J, Orzinski M and Hunger W (2007) Determination of Oxygen
Ingress and Carbon Dioxide Loss through Plastic Bottles Using Permeation Simulation
with Hydrogen. BrewingScience 60, 55–59.
chicago: 'Schneider, Jan, M. Orzinski, and W. Hunger. “Determination of Oxygen Ingress
and Carbon Dioxide Loss through Plastic Bottles Using Permeation Simulation with
Hydrogen.” BrewingScience 60, no. 3/4 (2007): 55–59.'
chicago-de: 'Schneider, Jan, M. Orzinski und W. Hunger. 2007. Determination of oxygen
ingress and carbon dioxide loss through plastic bottles using permeation simulation
with hydrogen. BrewingScience 60, Nr. 3/4: 55–59.'
din1505-2-1: 'Schneider, Jan ; Orzinski, M. ; Hunger,
W.: Determination of oxygen ingress and carbon dioxide loss through plastic
bottles using permeation simulation with hydrogen. In: BrewingScience
Bd. 60, Carl (2007), Nr. 3/4, S. 55–59'
havard: J. Schneider, M. Orzinski, W. Hunger, Determination of oxygen ingress and
carbon dioxide loss through plastic bottles using permeation simulation with hydrogen,
BrewingScience . 60 (2007) 55–59.
ieee: J. Schneider, M. Orzinski, and W. Hunger, “Determination of oxygen ingress
and carbon dioxide loss through plastic bottles using permeation simulation with
hydrogen,” BrewingScience , vol. 60, no. 3/4, pp. 55–59, 2007.
mla: Schneider, Jan, et al. “Determination of Oxygen Ingress and Carbon Dioxide
Loss through Plastic Bottles Using Permeation Simulation with Hydrogen.” BrewingScience
, vol. 60, no. 3/4, 2007, pp. 55–59.
short: J. Schneider, M. Orzinski, W. Hunger, BrewingScience 60 (2007) 55–59.
ufg: 'Schneider, Jan/Orzinski, M./Hunger, W.: Determination of oxygen ingress
and carbon dioxide loss through plastic bottles using permeation simulation with
hydrogen, in: BrewingScience 60 (2007), H. 3/4, S. 55–59.'
van: Schneider J, Orzinski M, Hunger W. Determination of oxygen ingress and carbon
dioxide loss through plastic bottles using permeation simulation with hydrogen.
BrewingScience . 2007;60(3/4):55–9.
date_created: 2020-09-22T12:01:07Z
date_updated: 2024-05-21T07:39:11Z
department:
- _id: DEP4018
intvolume: ' 60'
issue: 3/4
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297167264_Determination_of_oxygen_ingress_and_carbon_dioxide_loss_through_plastic_bottles_using_permeation_simulation_with_hydrogen
oa: '1'
page: 55-59
publication: 'BrewingScience '
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 0723-1520
isbn:
- 1866-5195
publication_status: published
publisher: Carl
status: public
title: Determination of oxygen ingress and carbon dioxide loss through plastic bottles
using permeation simulation with hydrogen
type: journal_article
user_id: '83779'
volume: 60
year: '2007'
...