--- _id: '12941' abstract: - lang: eng text: Stachybotrys chartarum (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is a toxigenic fungus that is frequently isolated from water-damaged buildings or improperly stored feed. The secondary metabolites formed by this mold have been associated with health problems in humans and animals. Several authors have studied the influence of environmental conditions on the production of mycotoxins, but these studies focused on undefined or complex substrates, such as building materials and media that impeded investigations of the influence of specific nutrients. In this study, a chemically defined cultivation medium was used to investigate the impact of several nitrogen and carbon sources on growth of S. chartarum and its production of macrocyclic trichothecenes (MTs) and stachybotrylactam (STLAC). Increasing concentrations of sodium nitrate were found to positively affect mycelial growth, the level of sporulation, and MT production, while ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride had an inhibitory effect. Potato starch was the superior and most reliable carbon source tested. Additionally, we observed that the level of sporulation was correlated with the production of MTs but not with that of STLAC. In this study, we provide a chemically well-defined cultivation medium suitable for standardized in vitro testing of the capacity of S. chartarum isolates to produce macrocyclic trichothecenes. author: - first_name: Katharina full_name: Tribelhorn, Katharina last_name: Tribelhorn - first_name: Magdalena full_name: Twarużek, Magdalena last_name: Twarużek - first_name: Robert full_name: Kosicki, Robert last_name: Kosicki - first_name: Reinhard K. full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K. last_name: Straubinger - first_name: Frank full_name: Ebel, Frank last_name: Ebel - first_name: Sebastian full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian id: '85847' last_name: Ulrich orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537 citation: ama: Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Kosicki R, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2023;89(7). doi:10.1128/aem.00163-23 apa: Tribelhorn, K., Twarużek, M., Kosicki, R., Straubinger, R. K., Ebel, F., & Ulrich, S. (2023). A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 89(7). https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00163-23 bjps: Tribelhorn K et al. (2023) A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 89. chicago: Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich. “A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 89, no. 7 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00163-23. chicago-de: Tribelhorn, Katharina, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich. 2023. A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 89, Nr. 7. doi:10.1128/aem.00163-23, . din1505-2-1: 'Tribelhorn, Katharina ; Twarużek, Magdalena ; Kosicki, Robert ; Straubinger, Reinhard K. ; Ebel, Frank ; Ulrich, Sebastian: A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Bd. 89.   Washington, DC [u.a.], American Society for Microbiology (2023), Nr. 7' havard: K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, R. Kosicki, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam, Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 89 (2023). ieee: 'K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, R. Kosicki, R. K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, and S. Ulrich, “A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 89, no. 7, 2023, doi: 10.1128/aem.00163-23.' mla: Tribelhorn, Katharina, et al. “A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 89, no. 7, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00163-23. short: K. Tribelhorn, M. Twarużek, R. Kosicki, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 89 (2023). ufg: 'Tribelhorn, Katharina u. a.: A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam, in: Applied and Environmental Microbiology 89 (2023), H. 7.' van: Tribelhorn K, Twarużek M, Kosicki R, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2023;89(7). date_created: 2025-06-15T09:51:52Z date_updated: 2025-06-16T09:21:50Z department: - _id: DEP4010 doi: 10.1128/aem.00163-23 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 89' issue: '7' language: - iso: eng place: ' Washington, DC [u.a.]' publication: Applied and Environmental Microbiology publication_identifier: eissn: - 1098-5336 issn: - 0099-2240 publication_status: published publisher: American Society for Microbiology quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: A Chemically Defined Medium That Supports Mycotoxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Enabled Analysis of the Impact of Nitrogen and Carbon Sources on the Biosynthesis of Macrocyclic Trichothecenes and Stachybotrylactam type: scientific_journal_article user_id: '83781' volume: 89 year: '2023' ... --- _id: '12982' abstract: - lang: eng text: Contaminated food is a significant vehicle for human norovirus transmission. The present study determined the effect of physicochemical treatments on the tenacity of infective human norovirus genogroup II in selected foods. Artificially contaminated produce was subjected to a number of processes used by the food industry for preservation and by the consumer for storage and preparation. Virus recovery was carried out by using ultrafiltration and was monitored by using bacteriophage MS2 as an internal process control. Norovirus was quantified by using monoplex one-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and an external standard curve based on recombinant RNA standards. An RNase pretreatment step was used to avoid false-positive PCR results caused by accessible RNA, which allowed detection of intact virus particles. Significant reductions in titers were obtained with heat treatments usually applied by consumers for food preparation (baking, cooking, roasting). Generally, processes used for preservation and storage, such as cooling, freezing, acidification (≥pH 4.5), and moderate heat treatments (pasteurization), appear to be insufficient to inactivate norovirus within a food matrix or on the surface of food. Besides data for persistence in processed food, comparable data for individual matrix-specific protective effects, recovery rates, and inhibitory effects on the PCRs were obtained in this study. The established procedure might be used for other noncultivable enteric RNA viruses that are connected to food-borne diseases. The data obtained in this study may also help optimize the process for inactivation of norovirus in food by adjusting food processing technologies and may promote the development of risk assessment systems in order to improve consumer protection. author: - first_name: Sascha full_name: Mormann, Sascha last_name: Mormann - first_name: Mareike full_name: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike id: '66516' last_name: Dabisch-Ruthe orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7644-0826 - first_name: Barbara full_name: Becker, Barbara id: '12640' last_name: Becker citation: ama: Mormann S, Dabisch-Ruthe M, Becker B. Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods.   Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology. 2009;76(2):536-545. doi:10.1128/aem.01797-09 apa: Mormann, S., Dabisch-Ruthe, M., & Becker, B. (2009). Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods.   Applied and Environmental Microbiology / American Society for Microbiology, 76(2), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01797-09 bjps: Mormann S, Dabisch-Ruthe M and Becker B (2009) Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods.   Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology 76, 536–545. chicago: 'Mormann, Sascha, Mareike Dabisch-Ruthe, and Barbara Becker. “Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods.”   Applied and Environmental Microbiology / American Society for Microbiology 76, no. 2 (2009): 536–45. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01797-09.' chicago-de: 'Mormann, Sascha, Mareike Dabisch-Ruthe und Barbara Becker. 2009. Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods.   Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology 76, Nr. 2: 536–545. doi:10.1128/aem.01797-09, .' din1505-2-1: 'Mormann, Sascha ; Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike ; Becker, Barbara: Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods. In:   Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology Bd. 76. Washington, DC [u.a.], American Society for Microbiology (2009), Nr. 2, S. 536–545' havard: S. Mormann, M. Dabisch-Ruthe, B. Becker, Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods,   Applied and Environmental Microbiology / American Society for Microbiology. 76 (2009) 536–545. ieee: 'S. Mormann, M. Dabisch-Ruthe, and B. Becker, “Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods,”   Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 536–545, 2009, doi: 10.1128/aem.01797-09.' mla: Mormann, Sascha, et al. “Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods.”   Applied and Environmental Microbiology / American Society for Microbiology, vol. 76, no. 2, 2009, pp. 536–45, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01797-09. short: S. Mormann, M. Dabisch-Ruthe, B. Becker,   Applied and Environmental Microbiology / American Society for Microbiology 76 (2009) 536–545. ufg: 'Mormann, Sascha/Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike/Becker, Barbara: Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods, in:   Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology 76 (2009), H. 2,  S. 536–545.' van: Mormann S, Dabisch-Ruthe M, Becker B. Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods.   Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology. 2009;76(2):536–45. date_created: 2025-06-17T06:26:59Z date_updated: 2025-06-17T13:49:35Z department: - _id: DEP4010 doi: 10.1128/aem.01797-09 intvolume: ' 76' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng page: 536-545 place: Washington, DC [u.a.] publication: ' Applied and environmental microbiology / American Society for Microbiology' publication_identifier: eissn: - 1098-5336 issn: - '0099-2240 ' publication_status: published publisher: American Society for Microbiology quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Effects of Technological Processes on the Tenacity and Inactivation of Norovirus Genogroup II in Experimentally Contaminated Foods type: scientific_journal_article user_id: '83781' volume: 76 year: '2009' ...