--- _id: '12849' abstract: - lang: eng text: Trophic interactions determine food web structure and influence biodiversity, community structure, ecosystem functioning, and food web responses to global change. These interactions are highly flexible, changing on temporal scales from diurnal to evolutionary times due to phenotypic plasticity, rapid evolution and species sorting. Small-scale experimental and theoretical studies of plankton interactions have demonstrated a high relevance of this flexibility for community dynamics and ecosystem processes in small, simplified communities. However, the extent to which this flexibility affects larger-scale systems, for example, global ocean dynamics and their responses to global change, is still poorly understood. Differences in methodology, focus and terminology between research disciplines limit our ability to project established effects of flexible trophic interactions onto larger spatial and temporal scales. We propose to bridge this gap with a general framework for upscaling knowledge from small-scale research to large-scale models. Building on examples from plankton communities, we use this framework to show how mechanisms demonstrated in small-scale studies can be linked to ecosystem functions relevant at large scales. We argue for incorporating flexibility in large-scale process-based models to improve their realism and predictive power, and discuss challenges and ways forward for achieving this. Finally, we suggest several concrete ways for upscaling small-scale studies to make their findings more relevant for large-scale research, to close existing knowledge gaps and to improve our understanding of how flexible trophic interactions affect dynamics and processes across scales. article_number: '23' author: - first_name: Ellen full_name: van Velzen, Ellen last_name: van Velzen - first_name: Sabine full_name: Wollrab, Sabine last_name: Wollrab - first_name: Onur full_name: Kerimoglu, Onur last_name: Kerimoglu - first_name: Ursula full_name: Gaedke, Ursula last_name: Gaedke - first_name: Hans-Peter full_name: Grossart, Hans-Peter last_name: Grossart - first_name: Minoru full_name: Kasada, Minoru last_name: Kasada - first_name: Helena C. L. full_name: Klip, Helena C. L. last_name: Klip - first_name: Stefanie full_name: Moorthi, Stefanie last_name: Moorthi - first_name: Tom full_name: Shatwell, Tom id: '86424' last_name: Shatwell orcid: 0000-0002-4520-7916 - first_name: Patch full_name: Thongthaisong, Patch last_name: Thongthaisong - first_name: A. E. full_name: Friederike Prowe, A. E. last_name: Friederike Prowe citation: ama: 'van Velzen E, Wollrab S, Kerimoglu O, et al. Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches. Ecosystems. 2025;28(2). doi:10.1007/s10021-025-00968-7' apa: 'van Velzen, E., Wollrab, S., Kerimoglu, O., Gaedke, U., Grossart, H.-P., Kasada, M., Klip, H. C. L., Moorthi, S., Shatwell, T., Thongthaisong, P., & Friederike Prowe, A. E. (2025). Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches. Ecosystems, 28(2), Article 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-025-00968-7' bjps: 'van Velzen E et al. (2025) Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches. Ecosystems 28.' chicago: 'Velzen, Ellen van, Sabine Wollrab, Onur Kerimoglu, Ursula Gaedke, Hans-Peter Grossart, Minoru Kasada, Helena C. L. Klip, et al. “Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches.” Ecosystems 28, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-025-00968-7.' chicago-de: 'van Velzen, Ellen, Sabine Wollrab, Onur Kerimoglu, Ursula Gaedke, Hans-Peter Grossart, Minoru Kasada, Helena C. L. Klip, u. a. 2025. Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches. Ecosystems 28, Nr. 2. doi:10.1007/s10021-025-00968-7, .' din1505-2-1: 'van Velzen, Ellen ; Wollrab, Sabine ; Kerimoglu, Onur ; Gaedke, Ursula ; Grossart, Hans-Peter ; Kasada, Minoru ; Klip, Helena C. L. ; Moorthi, Stefanie ; u. a.: Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches. In: Ecosystems Bd. 28. New York, NY, Springer Science and Business Media LLC (2025), Nr. 2' havard: 'E. van Velzen, S. Wollrab, O. Kerimoglu, U. Gaedke, H.-P. Grossart, M. Kasada, H.C.L. Klip, S. Moorthi, T. Shatwell, P. Thongthaisong, A.E. Friederike Prowe, Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches, Ecosystems. 28 (2025).' ieee: 'E. van Velzen et al., “Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches,” Ecosystems, vol. 28, no. 2, Art. no. 23, 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10021-025-00968-7.' mla: 'van Velzen, Ellen, et al. “Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches.” Ecosystems, vol. 28, no. 2, 23, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-025-00968-7.' short: E. van Velzen, S. Wollrab, O. Kerimoglu, U. Gaedke, H.-P. Grossart, M. Kasada, H.C.L. Klip, S. Moorthi, T. Shatwell, P. Thongthaisong, A.E. Friederike Prowe, Ecosystems 28 (2025). ufg: 'Velzen, Ellen van u. a.: Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches, in: Ecosystems 28 (2025), H. 2.' van: 'van Velzen E, Wollrab S, Kerimoglu O, Gaedke U, Grossart HP, Kasada M, et al. Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches. Ecosystems. 2025;28(2).' date_created: 2025-04-23T14:32:48Z date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:39:38Z department: - _id: DEP8000 - _id: DEP8022 doi: 10.1007/s10021-025-00968-7 external_id: isi: - '001450817700001' intvolume: ' 28' isi: '1' issue: '2' keyword: - Functional traits - Plankton interactions - Rapid evolution - Phenotypic plasticity - Ecosystem functioning - Global change - Upscaling - Adaptation language: - iso: eng place: New York, NY publication: Ecosystems publication_identifier: eissn: - 1435-0629 issn: - 1432-9840 publication_status: published publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC status: public title: 'Flexibility in Aquatic Food Web Interactions: Linking Scales and Approaches' type: scientific_journal_article user_id: '83781' volume: 28 year: '2025' ... --- _id: '12241' abstract: - lang: eng text: Climate forecasts project a global increase in extreme weather events, but information on the consequences for ecosystems is scarce. Of particular significance for lakes are severe storms that can influence biogeochemical processes and biological communities by disrupting the vertical thermal structure during periods of stratification. An exceptional storm passing over northern Germany in July 2011 provided an opportunity to assess the consequences and underlying mechanisms of such extreme events on the interplay between the physics and ecological characteristics of a deep, nutrient-poor lake. Wind speeds were among the most extreme on record. A suite of variables measured throughout the event consistently indicates that a cascade of processes pushed the clear-water lake into an exceptionally turbid state. Specifically, thermocline deepening by the storm-entrained cyanobacteria of a deep chlorophyll maximum located at about 8 m depth into the surface mixed layer. Released from light limitation, intense photosynthesis of the cyanobacteria boosted primary production, increased algal biomass, raised the pH and thus induced massive calcite precipitation to a level never observed within three decades of lake monitoring. As a consequence, water transparency dropped from 6.5 to 2.1 m, the minimum on record for 40 years, and the euphotic zone shrank by about 8 m for several weeks. These results show that cyanobacterial blooms not only are promoted by climate warming, but can also be triggered by extreme storms. Clear-water lakes developing a deep chlorophyll maximum appear to be particularly at risk in the future, if such events become more intense or frequent. author: - first_name: Peter full_name: Kasprzak, Peter last_name: Kasprzak - first_name: Tom full_name: Shatwell, Tom id: '86424' last_name: Shatwell orcid: 0000-0002-4520-7916 - first_name: Mark O. full_name: Gessner, Mark O. last_name: Gessner - first_name: Thomas full_name: Gonsiorczyk, Thomas last_name: Gonsiorczyk - first_name: Georgiy full_name: Kirillin, Georgiy last_name: Kirillin - first_name: Géza full_name: Selmeczy, Géza last_name: Selmeczy - first_name: Judit full_name: Padisák, Judit last_name: Padisák - first_name: Christof full_name: Engelhardt, Christof last_name: Engelhardt citation: ama: Kasprzak P, Shatwell T, Gessner MO, et al. Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake. Ecosystems. 2017;20(8):1407-1420. doi:10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4 apa: Kasprzak, P., Shatwell, T., Gessner, M. O., Gonsiorczyk, T., Kirillin, G., Selmeczy, G., Padisák, J., & Engelhardt, C. (2017). Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake. Ecosystems, 20(8), 1407–1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4 bjps: Kasprzak P et al. (2017) Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-Water Lake. Ecosystems 20, 1407–1420. chicago: 'Kasprzak, Peter, Tom Shatwell, Mark O. Gessner, Thomas Gonsiorczyk, Georgiy Kirillin, Géza Selmeczy, Judit Padisák, and Christof Engelhardt. “Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-Water Lake.” Ecosystems 20, no. 8 (2017): 1407–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4.' chicago-de: 'Kasprzak, Peter, Tom Shatwell, Mark O. Gessner, Thomas Gonsiorczyk, Georgiy Kirillin, Géza Selmeczy, Judit Padisák und Christof Engelhardt. 2017. Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake. Ecosystems 20, Nr. 8: 1407–1420. doi:10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4, .' din1505-2-1: 'Kasprzak, Peter ; Shatwell, Tom ; Gessner, Mark O. ; Gonsiorczyk, Thomas ; Kirillin, Georgiy ; Selmeczy, Géza ; Padisák, Judit ; Engelhardt, Christof: Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake. In: Ecosystems Bd. 20. New York, Springer Science and Business Media LLC (2017), Nr. 8, S. 1407–1420' havard: P. Kasprzak, T. Shatwell, M.O. Gessner, T. Gonsiorczyk, G. Kirillin, G. Selmeczy, J. Padisák, C. Engelhardt, Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake, Ecosystems. 20 (2017) 1407–1420. ieee: 'P. Kasprzak et al., “Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake,” Ecosystems, vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1407–1420, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4.' mla: Kasprzak, Peter, et al. “Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-Water Lake.” Ecosystems, vol. 20, no. 8, 2017, pp. 1407–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4. short: P. Kasprzak, T. Shatwell, M.O. Gessner, T. Gonsiorczyk, G. Kirillin, G. Selmeczy, J. Padisák, C. Engelhardt, Ecosystems 20 (2017) 1407–1420. ufg: 'Kasprzak, Peter u. a.: Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake, in: Ecosystems 20 (2017), H. 8, S. 1407–1420.' van: Kasprzak P, Shatwell T, Gessner MO, Gonsiorczyk T, Kirillin G, Selmeczy G, et al. Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake. Ecosystems. 2017;20(8):1407–20. date_created: 2024-12-08T20:34:54Z date_updated: 2024-12-09T10:06:47Z department: - _id: DEP8022 doi: 10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 20' issue: '8' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4 page: 1407-1420 place: New York publication: Ecosystems publication_identifier: eissn: - 1435-0629 issn: - 1432-9840 publication_status: published publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake type: scientific_journal_article user_id: '83781' volume: 20 year: '2017' ...