---
_id: '13639'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: A neutral stimulus can acquire valence by being paired with a valenced stimulus,
    leading to a new attitude towards the previously neutral stimulus. There is, however,
    considerable debate about the mechanisms that underlie this process of affective
    attitude formation. Therefore, in the present study we employed a single-trial,
    intentional learning procedure that paired neutral with valenced words while recording
    ERP activity, and measured subsequent memory and subsequent attitudes for the
    pre-experimentally neutral words immediately following learning. Using traditional
    as well as single-trial ERP analyses, we found that frontal slow wave (FSW) activity,
    elicited while stimuli were being paired, was associated with both subsequent
    memory for the word pairs and subsequent attitudes towards the pre-experimentally
    neutral words. Specifically, FSW activity during the pairing of neutral with positive
    words was related to more positive subsequent attitudes, while during the pairing
    of neutral with negative words, it was associated with more negative subsequent
    attitudes, towards the pre-experimentally neutral words. Given that this FSW activity
    was also related to successful subsequent episodic memory retrieval for the word
    pairs, these findings provide evidence that the transfer of valence may depend
    on a process that supports associative episodic encoding during word paring. Further,
    a single-trial, mixed-effects model indicated that the relationship between encoding
    FSW activity and subsequent attitudes depended on the strength of the episodic
    memory trace. Thus, the present study provides novel evidence that a common mechanism
    contributes to both episodic memory encoding and affective attitude formation.
author:
- first_name: Glen
  full_name: Forester, Glen
  last_name: Forester
- first_name: Georg
  full_name: Halbeisen, Georg
  id: '85780'
  last_name: Halbeisen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Walther, Eva
  last_name: Walther
- first_name: Siri-Maria
  full_name: Kamp, Siri-Maria
  last_name: Kamp
citation:
  ama: Forester G, Halbeisen G, Walther E, Kamp SM. Frontal ERP slow waves during
    memory encoding are associated with affective attitude formation. <i>International
    Journal of Psychophysiology</i>. 2020;158:389-399. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003</a>
  apa: Forester, G., Halbeisen, G., Walther, E., &#38; Kamp, S.-M. (2020). Frontal
    ERP slow waves during memory encoding are associated with affective attitude formation.
    <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>, <i>158</i>, 389–399. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003</a>
  bjps: <b>Forester G <i>et al.</i></b> (2020) Frontal ERP Slow Waves during Memory
    Encoding Are Associated with Affective Attitude Formation. <i>International Journal
    of Psychophysiology</i> <b>158</b>, 389–399.
  chicago: 'Forester, Glen, Georg Halbeisen, Eva Walther, and Siri-Maria Kamp. “Frontal
    ERP Slow Waves during Memory Encoding Are Associated with Affective Attitude Formation.”
    <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i> 158 (2020): 389–99. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Forester, Glen, Georg Halbeisen, Eva Walther und Siri-Maria Kamp. 2020.
    Frontal ERP slow waves during memory encoding are associated with affective attitude
    formation. <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i> 158: 389–399. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Forester, Glen</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Halbeisen, Georg</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Walther,
    Eva</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kamp, Siri-Maria</span>: Frontal
    ERP slow waves during memory encoding are associated with affective attitude formation.
    In: <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i> Bd. 158, Elsevier BV (2020),
    S. 389–399'
  havard: G. Forester, G. Halbeisen, E. Walther, S.-M. Kamp, Frontal ERP slow waves
    during memory encoding are associated with affective attitude formation, International
    Journal of Psychophysiology. 158 (2020) 389–399.
  ieee: 'G. Forester, G. Halbeisen, E. Walther, and S.-M. Kamp, “Frontal ERP slow
    waves during memory encoding are associated with affective attitude formation,”
    <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>, vol. 158, pp. 389–399, 2020,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003</a>.'
  mla: Forester, Glen, et al. “Frontal ERP Slow Waves during Memory Encoding Are Associated
    with Affective Attitude Formation.” <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>,
    vol. 158, 2020, pp. 389–99, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003</a>.
  short: G. Forester, G. Halbeisen, E. Walther, S.-M. Kamp, International Journal
    of Psychophysiology 158 (2020) 389–399.
  ufg: '<b>Forester, Glen u. a.</b>: Frontal ERP slow waves during memory encoding
    are associated with affective attitude formation, in: <i>International Journal
    of Psychophysiology</i> 158 (2020),  S. 389–399.'
  van: Forester G, Halbeisen G, Walther E, Kamp SM. Frontal ERP slow waves during
    memory encoding are associated with affective attitude formation. International
    Journal of Psychophysiology. 2020;158:389–99.
date_created: 2026-03-27T10:15:04Z
date_updated: 2026-04-09T11:49:35Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.11.003
extern: '1'
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000599762000013'
  pmid:
  - '33181190'
intvolume: '       158'
isi: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 389-399
pmid: '1'
publication: International Journal of Psychophysiology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1872-7697
  issn:
  - 0167-8760
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Frontal ERP slow waves during memory encoding are associated with affective
  attitude formation
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83778'
volume: 158
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '13641'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The neuro-physiological response to stress has far-reaching implications for
    learning and memory processes. Here, we examined whether and how the stress-induced
    release of cortisol, following the socially-evaluated cold pressor test, influenced
    the acquisition of preferences in an evaluative conditioning (EC) procedure. We
    found that when the stressor preceded the evaluation phase, cortisol responders
    showed decreased evaluative conditioning effects. By contrast, impairing effects
    of a stressor-induced cortisol release before encoding were not found. Moreover,
    explicit memory was not found to be affected by the stressor or its timing. Implications
    of the timing-dependent effects of stress-induced cortisol release on EC and the
    relation between stress and associative memory are discussed.
author:
- first_name: Georg
  full_name: Halbeisen, Georg
  id: '85780'
  last_name: Halbeisen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Buttlar, Benjamin
  last_name: Buttlar
- first_name: Siri-Maria
  full_name: Kamp, Siri-Maria
  last_name: Kamp
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Walther, Eva
  last_name: Walther
citation:
  ama: Halbeisen G, Buttlar B, Kamp SM, Walther E. The timing-dependent effects of
    stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative conditioning. <i>International Journal
    of Psychophysiology</i>. 2020;152:44-52. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007</a>
  apa: Halbeisen, G., Buttlar, B., Kamp, S.-M., &#38; Walther, E. (2020). The timing-dependent
    effects of stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative conditioning. <i>International
    Journal of Psychophysiology</i>, <i>152</i>, 44–52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007</a>
  bjps: <b>Halbeisen G <i>et al.</i></b> (2020) The Timing-Dependent Effects of Stress-Induced
    Cortisol Release on Evaluative Conditioning. <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>
    <b>152</b>, 44–52.
  chicago: 'Halbeisen, Georg, Benjamin Buttlar, Siri-Maria Kamp, and Eva Walther.
    “The Timing-Dependent Effects of Stress-Induced Cortisol Release on Evaluative
    Conditioning.” <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i> 152 (2020): 44–52.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Halbeisen, Georg, Benjamin Buttlar, Siri-Maria Kamp und Eva Walther.
    2020. The timing-dependent effects of stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative
    conditioning. <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i> 152: 44–52. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Halbeisen, Georg</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Buttlar, Benjamin</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kamp,
    Siri-Maria</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Walther, Eva</span>:
    The timing-dependent effects of stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative
    conditioning. In: <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i> Bd. 152, Elsevier
    BV (2020), S. 44–52'
  havard: G. Halbeisen, B. Buttlar, S.-M. Kamp, E. Walther, The timing-dependent effects
    of stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative conditioning, International Journal
    of Psychophysiology. 152 (2020) 44–52.
  ieee: 'G. Halbeisen, B. Buttlar, S.-M. Kamp, and E. Walther, “The timing-dependent
    effects of stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative conditioning,” <i>International
    Journal of Psychophysiology</i>, vol. 152, pp. 44–52, 2020, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007">10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007</a>.'
  mla: Halbeisen, Georg, et al. “The Timing-Dependent Effects of Stress-Induced Cortisol
    Release on Evaluative Conditioning.” <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>,
    vol. 152, 2020, pp. 44–52, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007</a>.
  short: G. Halbeisen, B. Buttlar, S.-M. Kamp, E. Walther, International Journal of
    Psychophysiology 152 (2020) 44–52.
  ufg: '<b>Halbeisen, Georg u. a.</b>: The timing-dependent effects of stress-induced
    cortisol release on evaluative conditioning, in: <i>International Journal of Psychophysiology</i>
    152 (2020),  S. 44–52.'
  van: Halbeisen G, Buttlar B, Kamp SM, Walther E. The timing-dependent effects of
    stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative conditioning. International Journal
    of Psychophysiology. 2020;152:44–52.
date_created: 2026-03-27T10:16:23Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T13:56:40Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.007
extern: '1'
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000534573000005'
  pmid:
  - '32302644'
intvolume: '       152'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Affective learning
- Socially-evaluated cold pressor test
- Free salivary cortisol
- Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Evaluative conditioning
language:
- iso: eng
page: 44-52
pmid: '1'
publication: International Journal of Psychophysiology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1872-7697
  issn:
  - 0167-8760
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: The timing-dependent effects of stress-induced cortisol release on evaluative
  conditioning
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 152
year: '2020'
...