---
_id: '12226'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Light pollution is an environmental stressor of global extent that is growing
    exponentially in area and intensity. Artificial skyglow, a form of light pollution
    with large range, is hypothesized to have environmental impact at ecosystem level.
    However, testing the impact of skyglow at large scales and in a controlled fashion
    under in situ conditions has remained elusive so far. Here we present the first
    experimental setup to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level outdoors in an aquatic
    environment. Spatially diffuse and homogeneous surface illumination that is adjustable
    between 0.01 and 10 lx, resembling rural to urban skyglow levels, was achieved
    with white light-emitting diodes at a large-scale lake enclosure facility. The
    illumination system was enabled by optical modeling with Monte-Carlo raytracing
    and validated by measurements. Our method can be adapted to other outdoor and
    indoor skyglow experiments, urgently needed to understand the impact of skyglow
    on ecosystems.
article_number: '23478'
author:
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Jechow, Andreas
  last_name: Jechow
- first_name: Günther
  full_name: Schreck, Günther
  last_name: Schreck
- first_name: Christopher C. M.
  full_name: Kyba, Christopher C. M.
  last_name: Kyba
- first_name: Stella A.
  full_name: Berger, Stella A.
  last_name: Berger
- first_name: Lukas Thuile
  full_name: Bistarelli, Lukas Thuile
  last_name: Bistarelli
- first_name: Matthias
  full_name: Bodenlos, Matthias
  last_name: Bodenlos
- first_name: Mark O.
  full_name: Gessner, Mark O.
  last_name: Gessner
- first_name: Hans-Peter
  full_name: Grossart, Hans-Peter
  last_name: Grossart
- first_name: Franziska
  full_name: Kupprat, Franziska
  last_name: Kupprat
- first_name: Jens C.
  full_name: Nejstgaard, Jens C.
  last_name: Nejstgaard
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Pansch, Andreas
  last_name: Pansch
- first_name: Armin
  full_name: Penske, Armin
  last_name: Penske
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Sachtleben, Michael
  last_name: Sachtleben
- first_name: Tom
  full_name: Shatwell, Tom
  id: '86424'
  last_name: Shatwell
  orcid: 0000-0002-4520-7916
- first_name: Gabriel A.
  full_name: Singer, Gabriel A.
  last_name: Singer
- first_name: Susanne
  full_name: Stephan, Susanne
  last_name: Stephan
- first_name: Tim J. W.
  full_name: Walles, Tim J. W.
  last_name: Walles
- first_name: Sabine
  full_name: Wollrab, Sabine
  last_name: Wollrab
- first_name: Karolina M.
  full_name: Zielinska-Dabkowska, Karolina M.
  last_name: Zielinska-Dabkowska
- first_name: Franz
  full_name: Hölker, Franz
  last_name: Hölker
citation:
  ama: Jechow A, Schreck G, Kyba CCM, et al. Design and implementation of an illumination
    system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility.
    <i>Scientific Reports</i>. 2021;11(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4">10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4</a>
  apa: Jechow, A., Schreck, G., Kyba, C. C. M., Berger, S. A., Bistarelli, L. T.,
    Bodenlos, M., Gessner, M. O., Grossart, H.-P., Kupprat, F., Nejstgaard, J. C.,
    Pansch, A., Penske, A., Sachtleben, M., Shatwell, T., Singer, G. A., Stephan,
    S., Walles, T. J. W., Wollrab, S., Zielinska-Dabkowska, K. M., &#38; Hölker, F.
    (2021). Design and implementation of an illumination system to mimic skyglow at
    ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility. <i>Scientific Reports</i>,
    <i>11</i>(1), Article 23478. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4</a>
  bjps: <b>Jechow A <i>et al.</i></b> (2021) Design and Implementation of an Illumination
    System to Mimic Skyglow at Ecosystem Level in a Large-Scale Lake Enclosure Facility.
    <i>Scientific Reports</i> <b>11</b>.
  chicago: Jechow, Andreas, Günther Schreck, Christopher C. M. Kyba, Stella A. Berger,
    Lukas Thuile Bistarelli, Matthias Bodenlos, Mark O. Gessner, et al. “Design and
    Implementation of an Illumination System to Mimic Skyglow at Ecosystem Level in
    a Large-Scale Lake Enclosure Facility.” <i>Scientific Reports</i> 11, no. 1 (2021).
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4</a>.
  chicago-de: Jechow, Andreas, Günther Schreck, Christopher C. M. Kyba, Stella A.
    Berger, Lukas Thuile Bistarelli, Matthias Bodenlos, Mark O. Gessner, u. a. 2021.
    Design and implementation of an illumination system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem
    level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility. <i>Scientific Reports</i> 11,
    Nr. 1. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4">10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jechow,
    Andreas</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schreck, Günther</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kyba, Christopher C. M.</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Berger, Stella A.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bistarelli,
    Lukas Thuile</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bodenlos, Matthias</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gessner, Mark O.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Grossart,
    Hans-Peter</span> ; u. a.</span>: Design and implementation of an illumination
    system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility.
    In: <i>Scientific Reports</i> Bd. 11. London, Springer Nature (2021), Nr. 1'
  havard: A. Jechow, G. Schreck, C.C.M. Kyba, S.A. Berger, L.T. Bistarelli, M. Bodenlos,
    M.O. Gessner, H.-P. Grossart, F. Kupprat, J.C. Nejstgaard, A. Pansch, A. Penske,
    M. Sachtleben, T. Shatwell, G.A. Singer, S. Stephan, T.J.W. Walles, S. Wollrab,
    K.M. Zielinska-Dabkowska, F. Hölker, Design and implementation of an illumination
    system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility,
    Scientific Reports. 11 (2021).
  ieee: 'A. Jechow <i>et al.</i>, “Design and implementation of an illumination system
    to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility,”
    <i>Scientific Reports</i>, vol. 11, no. 1, Art. no. 23478, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4">10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4</a>.'
  mla: Jechow, Andreas, et al. “Design and Implementation of an Illumination System
    to Mimic Skyglow at Ecosystem Level in a Large-Scale Lake Enclosure Facility.”
    <i>Scientific Reports</i>, vol. 11, no. 1, 23478, 2021, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4</a>.
  short: A. Jechow, G. Schreck, C.C.M. Kyba, S.A. Berger, L.T. Bistarelli, M. Bodenlos,
    M.O. Gessner, H.-P. Grossart, F. Kupprat, J.C. Nejstgaard, A. Pansch, A. Penske,
    M. Sachtleben, T. Shatwell, G.A. Singer, S. Stephan, T.J.W. Walles, S. Wollrab,
    K.M. Zielinska-Dabkowska, F. Hölker, Scientific Reports 11 (2021).
  ufg: '<b>Jechow, Andreas u. a.</b>: Design and implementation of an illumination
    system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility,
    in: <i>Scientific Reports</i> 11 (2021), H. 1.'
  van: Jechow A, Schreck G, Kyba CCM, Berger SA, Bistarelli LT, Bodenlos M, et al.
    Design and implementation of an illumination system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem
    level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1).
date_created: 2024-12-08T19:56:12Z
date_updated: 2024-12-11T12:59:58Z
department:
- _id: DEP8022
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02772-4
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
place: London
publication: Scientific Reports
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2045-2322
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Design and implementation of an illumination system to mimic skyglow at ecosystem
  level in a large-scale lake enclosure facility
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 11
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '12243'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Water transparency affects the thermal structure of lakes and within certain
    lake depth ranges, it can determine whether a lake mixes regularly (polymictic
    regime) or stratifies continuously (dimictic regime) from spring through summer.
    Phytoplankton biomass can influence transparency but the effect of its seasonal
    pattern on stratification is unknown. Therefore we analysed long term field data
    from two lakes of similar depth, transparency and climate but one polymictic and
    one dimictic and simulated a conceptual lake with a hydrodynamic model. Transparency
    in the study lakes was typically low during spring and summer blooms and high
    in between during the clear water phase (CWP), caused when zooplankton graze the
    spring bloom. The effect of variability of transparency on thermal structure was
    stronger at intermediate transparency and stronger during a critical window in
    spring when the rate of lake warming is highest. Whereas the spring bloom strengthened
    stratification in spring, the CWP weakened it in summer. The presence or absence
    of the CWP influenced stratification duration and under some conditions determined
    the mixing regime. Therefore seasonal plankton dynamics, including biotic interactions
    that suppress the CWP, can influence lake temperatures, stratification duration
    and potentially also the mixing regime.
article_number: '24361'
author:
- first_name: Tom
  full_name: Shatwell, Tom
  id: '86424'
  last_name: Shatwell
  orcid: 0000-0002-4520-7916
- first_name: Rita
  full_name: Adrian, Rita
  last_name: Adrian
- first_name: Georgiy
  full_name: Kirillin, Georgiy
  last_name: Kirillin
citation:
  ama: Shatwell T, Adrian R, Kirillin G. Planktonic events may cause polymictic-dimictic
    regime shifts in temperate lakes. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. 2016;6(1). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361">10.1038/srep24361</a>
  apa: Shatwell, T., Adrian, R., &#38; Kirillin, G. (2016). Planktonic events may
    cause polymictic-dimictic regime shifts in temperate lakes. <i>Scientific Reports</i>,
    <i>6</i>(1), Article 24361. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361">https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361</a>
  bjps: <b>Shatwell T, Adrian R and Kirillin G</b> (2016) Planktonic Events May Cause
    Polymictic-Dimictic Regime Shifts in Temperate Lakes. <i>Scientific Reports</i>
    <b>6</b>.
  chicago: Shatwell, Tom, Rita Adrian, and Georgiy Kirillin. “Planktonic Events May
    Cause Polymictic-Dimictic Regime Shifts in Temperate Lakes.” <i>Scientific Reports</i>
    6, no. 1 (2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361">https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361</a>.
  chicago-de: Shatwell, Tom, Rita Adrian und Georgiy Kirillin. 2016. Planktonic events
    may cause polymictic-dimictic regime shifts in temperate lakes. <i>Scientific
    Reports</i> 6, Nr. 1. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361">10.1038/srep24361</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shatwell, Tom</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Adrian, Rita</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kirillin,
    Georgiy</span>: Planktonic events may cause polymictic-dimictic regime shifts
    in temperate lakes. In: <i>Scientific Reports</i> Bd. 6. London, Springer Science
    and Business Media LLC (2016), Nr. 1'
  havard: T. Shatwell, R. Adrian, G. Kirillin, Planktonic events may cause polymictic-dimictic
    regime shifts in temperate lakes, Scientific Reports. 6 (2016).
  ieee: 'T. Shatwell, R. Adrian, and G. Kirillin, “Planktonic events may cause polymictic-dimictic
    regime shifts in temperate lakes,” <i>Scientific Reports</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, Art.
    no. 24361, 2016, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361">10.1038/srep24361</a>.'
  mla: Shatwell, Tom, et al. “Planktonic Events May Cause Polymictic-Dimictic Regime
    Shifts in Temperate Lakes.” <i>Scientific Reports</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, 24361, 2016,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361">https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361</a>.
  short: T. Shatwell, R. Adrian, G. Kirillin, Scientific Reports 6 (2016).
  ufg: '<b>Shatwell, Tom/Adrian, Rita/Kirillin, Georgiy</b>: Planktonic events may
    cause polymictic-dimictic regime shifts in temperate lakes, in: <i>Scientific
    Reports</i> 6 (2016), H. 1.'
  van: Shatwell T, Adrian R, Kirillin G. Planktonic events may cause polymictic-dimictic
    regime shifts in temperate lakes. Scientific Reports. 2016;6(1).
date_created: 2024-12-08T20:36:58Z
date_updated: 2024-12-09T09:42:13Z
department:
- _id: DEP8022
doi: 10.1038/srep24361
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24361
oa: '1'
place: London
publication: Scientific Reports
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2045-2322
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Planktonic events may cause polymictic-dimictic regime shifts in temperate
  lakes
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 6
year: '2016'
...