---
_id: '1025'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Coagulation is an essential process for the removal of suspended and colloidal
    material from water and wastewater. However, no comprehensive or universally accepted
    mathematical description of the process has been developed so far. Therefore,
    process optimization and control is usually based on data from jar tests and simple
    flow-proportional dosing concepts, while more accurate concepts based on water
    quality parameters that can be measured online are emerging. In addition, there
    have been attempts to develop software sensors and control schemes that involve
    advanced mathematical analyses of these parameters. The paper presents an overview
    of the parameters and physical sensors that are used for feed-forward and feed-backward
    control schemes and the experiences that have been made with their implementation.
    Moreover, the development and use of software sensors is described. Finally, the
    practical applications of different control techniques are given in order to illustrate
    the state of the art of coagulation control. Some thoughts about research needs
    conclude this review.
author:
- first_name: Harsha
  full_name: Ratnaweera, Harsha
  last_name: Ratnaweera
- first_name: Joachim
  full_name: Fettig, Joachim
  id: '21018'
  last_name: Fettig
citation:
  ama: Ratnaweera H, Fettig J. State of the Art of Online Monitoring and Control of
    the Coagulation Process. <i>Water</i>. 2015;7(11):6574-6597. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574">10.3390/w7116574</a>
  apa: Ratnaweera, H., &#38; Fettig, J. (2015). State of the Art of Online Monitoring
    and Control of the Coagulation Process. <i>Water</i>, <i>7</i>(11), 6574–6597.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574">https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574</a>
  bjps: <b>Ratnaweera H and Fettig J</b> (2015) State of the Art of Online Monitoring
    and Control of the Coagulation Process. <i>Water</i> <b>7</b>, 6574–6597.
  chicago: 'Ratnaweera, Harsha, and Joachim Fettig. “State of the Art of Online Monitoring
    and Control of the Coagulation Process.” <i>Water</i> 7, no. 11 (2015): 6574–97.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574">https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Ratnaweera, Harsha und Joachim Fettig. 2015. State of the Art of Online
    Monitoring and Control of the Coagulation Process. <i>Water</i> 7, Nr. 11: 6574–6597.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574,">10.3390/w7116574,</a> .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ratnaweera, Harsha</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fettig, Joachim</span>: State of the Art
    of Online Monitoring and Control of the Coagulation Process. In: <i>Water</i>
    Bd. 7 (2015), Nr. 11, S. 6574–6597'
  havard: H. Ratnaweera, J. Fettig, State of the Art of Online Monitoring and Control
    of the Coagulation Process, Water. 7 (2015) 6574–6597.
  ieee: H. Ratnaweera and J. Fettig, “State of the Art of Online Monitoring and Control
    of the Coagulation Process,” <i>Water</i>, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 6574–6597, 2015.
  mla: Ratnaweera, Harsha, and Joachim Fettig. “State of the Art of Online Monitoring
    and Control of the Coagulation Process.” <i>Water</i>, vol. 7, no. 11, 2015, pp.
    6574–97, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574">10.3390/w7116574</a>.
  short: H. Ratnaweera, J. Fettig, Water 7 (2015) 6574–6597.
  ufg: '<b>Ratnaweera, Harsha/Fettig, Joachim (2015)</b>: State of the Art of Online
    Monitoring and Control of the Coagulation Process, in: <i>Water</i> <i>7</i> (<i>11</i>),
    S. 6574–6597.'
  van: Ratnaweera H, Fettig J. State of the Art of Online Monitoring and Control of
    the Coagulation Process. Water. 2015;7(11):6574–97.
date_created: 2019-04-15T12:53:42Z
date_updated: 2023-03-15T13:49:34Z
doi: 10.3390/w7116574
intvolume: '         7'
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: ' https://doi.org/10.3390/w7116574'
oa: '1'
page: 6574-6597
publication: Water
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2073-4441
publication_status: published
status: public
title: State of the Art of Online Monitoring and Control of the Coagulation Process
type: journal_article
user_id: '74004'
volume: 7
year: 2015
...