---
_id: '12814'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are developed to reduce fuel consumption
    and the emission of carbon dioxide. Common powertrain configurations of PHEVs
    (i.e., the configuration of the combustion engine, electric motor, and transmission)
    can be operated either in series, parallel, or power split hybrid mode, whereas
    powertrain configurations with multimode transmissions enable switching between
    those modes during vehicle operation. Hence, depending on the current operation
    state of the vehicle, the most appropriate mode in terms efficiency can be selected.
    This, however, requires an operating strategy, which controls the mode selection
    as well as the torque distribution between the combustion engine and electric
    motor with the aim of optimal battery depletion and minimal fuel consumption.
    A well-known approach is the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS).
    It can be applied by using optimizations based on a prediction of the future driving
    behavior. Since the outcome of the ECMS depends on the quality of this prediction,
    it is crucial to know how accurate the predictions must be in order to obtain
    acceptable results. In this contribution, various prediction methods and real-time
    capable ECMS implementations are analyzed and compared in terms of the achievable
    fuel economy. The basis for the analysis is a holistic model of a state-of-the-art
    PHEV powertrain configuration, comprising the multimode transmission, corresponding
    powertrain components, and representative real-world driving data.
article_number: '2905'
author:
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Geng, Stefan
  id: '43696'
  last_name: Geng
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Schulte, Thomas
  id: '46242'
  last_name: Schulte
- first_name: Jürgen
  full_name: Maas, Jürgen
  id: '1827'
  last_name: Maas
citation:
  ama: Geng S, Schulte T, Maas J. Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent Consumption
    Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle. <i>Applied Sciences</i>.
    2022;12(6). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905">10.3390/app12062905</a>
  apa: Geng, S., Schulte, T., &#38; Maas, J. (2022). Model-Based Analysis of Different
    Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle.
    <i>Applied Sciences</i>, <i>12</i>(6), Article 2905. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905">https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905</a>
  bjps: <b>Geng S, Schulte T and Maas J</b> (2022) Model-Based Analysis of Different
    Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle.
    <i>Applied Sciences</i> <b>12</b>.
  chicago: Geng, Stefan, Thomas Schulte, and Jürgen Maas. “Model-Based Analysis of
    Different Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid
    Electric Vehicle.” <i>Applied Sciences</i> 12, no. 6 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905">https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905</a>.
  chicago-de: Geng, Stefan, Thomas Schulte und Jürgen Maas. 2022. Model-Based Analysis
    of Different Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid
    Electric Vehicle. <i>Applied Sciences</i> 12, Nr. 6. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905">10.3390/app12062905</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Geng, Stefan</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schulte, Thomas</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Maas,
    Jürgen</span>: Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent Consumption Minimization
    Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle. In: <i>Applied Sciences</i>
    Bd. 12. Basel, MDPI AG (2022), Nr. 6'
  havard: S. Geng, T. Schulte, J. Maas, Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent
    Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Applied
    Sciences. 12 (2022).
  ieee: 'S. Geng, T. Schulte, and J. Maas, “Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent
    Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle,” <i>Applied
    Sciences</i>, vol. 12, no. 6, Art. no. 2905, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905">10.3390/app12062905</a>.'
  mla: Geng, Stefan, et al. “Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent Consumption
    Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle.” <i>Applied Sciences</i>,
    vol. 12, no. 6, 2905, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905">https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062905</a>.
  short: S. Geng, T. Schulte, J. Maas, Applied Sciences 12 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Geng, Stefan/Schulte, Thomas/Maas, Jürgen</b>: Model-Based Analysis of
    Different Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid
    Electric Vehicle, in: <i>Applied Sciences</i> 12 (2022), H. 6.'
  van: Geng S, Schulte T, Maas J. Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent Consumption
    Minimization Strategies for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Applied Sciences.
    2022;12(6).
date_created: 2025-04-17T06:46:05Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T13:30:48Z
department:
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.3390/app12062905
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000776925600001'
intvolume: '        12'
isi: '1'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- PHEV
- ECMS
- multimode transmission
- optimization
- powertrain modeling
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Applied Sciences
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2076-3417
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Model-Based Analysis of Different Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies
  for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 12
year: '2022'
...