[{"_id":"12947","article_number":"340","publication":"Journal of Fungi","title":"The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2309-608X"]},"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","id":"85847","last_name":"Ulrich"},{"full_name":"Lang, Katharina","last_name":"Lang","first_name":"Katharina"},{"first_name":"Ludwig","last_name":"Niessen","full_name":"Niessen, Ludwig"},{"first_name":"Christiane","full_name":"Baschien, Christiane","last_name":"Baschien"},{"full_name":"Kosicki, Robert","last_name":"Kosicki","first_name":"Robert"},{"full_name":"Twarużek, Magdalena","last_name":"Twarużek","first_name":"Magdalena"},{"full_name":"Straubinger, Reinhard K.","last_name":"Straubinger","first_name":"Reinhard K."},{"last_name":"Ebel","full_name":"Ebel, Frank","first_name":"Frank"}],"intvolume":"         8","volume":8,"publication_status":"published","date_created":"2025-06-15T09:57:20Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"havard":"S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum, Journal of Fungi. 8 (2022).","short":"S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, Journal of Fungi 8 (2022).","apa":"Ulrich, S., Lang, K., Niessen, L., Baschien, C., Kosicki, R., Twarużek, M., Straubinger, R. K., &#38; Ebel, F. (2022). The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>8</i>(4), Article 340. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, 340, 2022, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>.","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8 (2022), H. 4.","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger und Frank Ebel. 2022. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, Nr. 4. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">10.3390/jof8040340</a>, .","ieee":"S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, Art. no. 340, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">10.3390/jof8040340</a>.","ama":"Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, et al. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2022;8(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">10.3390/jof8040340</a>","van":"Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, Baschien C, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, et al. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. Journal of Fungi. 2022;8(4).","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>8</b>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Lang, Katharina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Niessen, Ludwig</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Baschien, Christiane</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kosicki, Robert</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Twarużek, Magdalena</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Straubinger, Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ebel, Frank</span>: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 8, MDPI AG (2022), Nr. 4","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien, Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger, and Frank Ebel. “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, no. 4 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>."},"keyword":["Stachybotrys","genome","macrocyclic trichothecene","atranone"],"extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stachybotrys chartarum is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored animal forage. Human and animal exposure to the secondary metabolites of this mold is linked to severe health effects. The mutually exclusive production of either satratoxins or atranones defines the chemotypes A and S. Based upon the genes (satratoxin cluster, SC1-3, sat or atranone cluster, AC1, atr) that are supposed to be essential for satratoxin and atranone production, S. chartarum can furthermore be divided into three genotypes: the S-type possessing all sat- but no atr-genes, the A-type lacking the sat- but harboring all atr-genes, and the H-type having only certain sat- and all atr-genes. We analyzed the above-mentioned gene clusters and their flanking regions to shed light on the evolutionary relationship. Furthermore, we performed a deep re-sequencing and LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis. We propose a first model for the evolution of the S. chartarum genotypes. We assume that genotype H represents the most ancient form. A loss of the AC1 and the concomitant acquisition of the SC2 led to the emergence of the genotype S. According to our model, the genotype H also developed towards genotype A, a process that was accompanied by a loss of SC1 and SC3."}],"department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"year":"2022","user_id":"83781","status":"public","issue":"4","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-16T11:59:52Z","doi":"10.3390/jof8040340","type":"scientific_journal_article","publisher":"MDPI AG"},{"status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"year":"2020","user_id":"83781","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum."}],"keyword":["Stachybotrys","genotype","macrocyclic trichothecenes","stachybotrylactam"],"extern":"1","publisher":"MDPI ","type":"scientific_journal_article","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-16T13:59:56Z","doi":"10.3390/jof6030159","issue":"3","publication":"Journal of Fungi","article_number":"159","_id":"12956","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-06-15T10:01:42Z","volume":6,"publication_status":"published","place":"Basel","citation":{"chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no. 3 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S and Schäfer C</b> (2020) Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 3","ama":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>","van":"Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(3).","ieee":"S. Ulrich and C. Schäfer, “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. no. 159, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Schäfer, Cornelius</b>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6 (2020), H. 3.","chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian und Cornelius Schäfer. 2020. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr. 3. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">10.3390/jof6030159</a>, .","short":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).","apa":"Ulrich, S., &#38; Schäfer, C. (2020). Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(3), Article 159. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, 159, 2020, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.","havard":"S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020)."},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2309-608X"]},"intvolume":"         6","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537","id":"85847","last_name":"Ulrich","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","first_name":"Sebastian"},{"first_name":"Cornelius","full_name":"Schäfer, Cornelius","last_name":"Schäfer"}],"title":"Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media"},{"title":"Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections","intvolume":"         6","author":[{"id":"85847","last_name":"Ulrich","full_name":"Ulrich, Sebastian","first_name":"Sebastian","orcid":"0000-0002-4511-9537"},{"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Ebel","full_name":"Ebel, Frank"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2309-608X"]},"place":"Basel","citation":{"chicago-de":"Ulrich, Sebastian und Frank Ebel. 2020. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr. 1. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022\">10.3390/jof6010022</a>, .","ufg":"<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Ebel, Frank</b>: Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6 (2020), H. 1.","apa":"Ulrich, S., &#38; Ebel, F. (2020). Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(1), Article 22. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022</a>","mla":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Frank Ebel. “Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, 22, 2020, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022</a>.","short":"S. Ulrich, F. Ebel, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).","havard":"S. Ulrich, F. Ebel, Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).","chicago":"Ulrich, Sebastian, and Frank Ebel. “Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no. 1 (2020). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022\">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ebel, Frank</span>: Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 1","bjps":"<b>Ulrich S and Ebel F</b> (2020) Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.","ama":"Ulrich S, Ebel F. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022\">10.3390/jof6010022</a>","van":"Ulrich S, Ebel F. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(1).","ieee":"S. Ulrich and F. Ebel, “Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, Art. no. 22, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022\">10.3390/jof6010022</a>."},"date_created":"2025-06-15T10:17:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","volume":6,"_id":"12964","article_number":"22","publication":"Journal of Fungi","issue":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-18T11:13:40Z","doi":"10.3390/jof6010022","quality_controlled":"1","type":"scientific_journal_article","publisher":"MDPI ","extern":"1","keyword":["monoclonal antibodies","invasive fungal infections","therapy","prophylaxis","opsonization"],"abstract":[{"text":"Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal immune response in these patients.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"83781","year":"2020","department":[{"_id":"DEP4010"}],"status":"public"}]