---
_id: '12947'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Stachybotrys chartarum is frequently isolated from damp building materials
    or improperly stored animal forage. Human and animal exposure to the secondary
    metabolites of this mold is linked to severe health effects. The mutually exclusive
    production of either satratoxins or atranones defines the chemotypes A and S.
    Based upon the genes (satratoxin cluster, SC1-3, sat or atranone cluster, AC1,
    atr) that are supposed to be essential for satratoxin and atranone production,
    S. chartarum can furthermore be divided into three genotypes: the S-type possessing
    all sat- but no atr-genes, the A-type lacking the sat- but harboring all atr-genes,
    and the H-type having only certain sat- and all atr-genes. We analyzed the above-mentioned
    gene clusters and their flanking regions to shed light on the evolutionary relationship.
    Furthermore, we performed a deep re-sequencing and LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography–mass
    spectrometry) analysis. We propose a first model for the evolution of the S. chartarum
    genotypes. We assume that genotype H represents the most ancient form. A loss
    of the AC1 and the concomitant acquisition of the SC2 led to the emergence of
    the genotype S. According to our model, the genotype H also developed towards
    genotype A, a process that was accompanied by a loss of SC1 and SC3.'
article_number: '340'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Lang, Katharina
  last_name: Lang
- first_name: Ludwig
  full_name: Niessen, Ludwig
  last_name: Niessen
- first_name: Christiane
  full_name: Baschien, Christiane
  last_name: Baschien
- first_name: Robert
  full_name: Kosicki, Robert
  last_name: Kosicki
- first_name: Magdalena
  full_name: Twarużek, Magdalena
  last_name: Twarużek
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, et al. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone
    Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2022;8(4). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">10.3390/jof8040340</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., Lang, K., Niessen, L., Baschien, C., Kosicki, R., Twarużek, M.,
    Straubinger, R. K., &#38; Ebel, F. (2022). The Evolution of the Satratoxin and
    Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>8</i>(4),
    Article 340. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone
    Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>8</b>.
  chicago: Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien,
    Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger, and Frank Ebel. “The
    Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.”
    <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, no. 4 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>.
  chicago-de: Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien,
    Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger und Frank Ebel. 2022.
    The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum.
    <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, Nr. 4. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">10.3390/jof8040340</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lang, Katharina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Niessen,
    Ludwig</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Baschien, Christiane</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kosicki, Robert</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Twarużek,
    Magdalena</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger, Reinhard
    K.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ebel, Frank</span>: The Evolution
    of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. In: <i>Journal
    of Fungi</i> Bd. 8, MDPI AG (2022), Nr. 4'
  havard: S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K.
    Straubinger, F. Ebel, The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters
    of Stachybotrys chartarum, Journal of Fungi. 8 (2022).
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene
    Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, Art.
    no. 340, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">10.3390/jof8040340</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene
    Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, 340,
    2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K.
    Straubinger, F. Ebel, Journal of Fungi 8 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone
    Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8 (2022),
    H. 4.'
  van: Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, Baschien C, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, et al. The
    Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum.
    Journal of Fungi. 2022;8(4).
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:57:20Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T11:59:52Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/jof8040340
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         8'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys
- genome
- macrocyclic trichothecene
- atranone
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Fungi
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2309-608X
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys
  chartarum
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 8
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '12956'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans
    and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of
    this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources,
    ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials.
    To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them
    under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites.
    All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes,
    but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated
    by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype
    S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five
    commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar,
    cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin
    production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type
    specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin
    J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25
    °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were
    detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an
    intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor
    mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly
    depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting
    point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either
    support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum.
article_number: '159'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Cornelius
  full_name: Schäfer, Cornelius
  last_name: Schäfer
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S
    on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., &#38; Schäfer, C. (2020). Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum
    Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(3), Article
    159. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S and Schäfer C</b> (2020) Toxin Production by Stachybotrys Chartarum
    Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.
  chicago: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no.
    3 (2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.
  chicago-de: Ulrich, Sebastian und Cornelius Schäfer. 2020. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr.
    3. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>, .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>: Toxin Production
    by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. In: <i>Journal
    of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel, MDPI  (2020), Nr. 3'
  havard: S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype
    S on Different Culture Media, Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich and C. Schäfer, “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype
    S on Different Culture Media,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 3, Art. no.
    159, 2020, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">10.3390/jof6030159</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Cornelius Schäfer. “Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    Chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol.
    6, no. 3, 159, 2020, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6030159</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, C. Schäfer, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Schäfer, Cornelius</b>: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys
    chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6
    (2020), H. 3.'
  van: Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S
    on Different Culture Media. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(3).
date_created: 2025-06-15T10:01:42Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T13:59:56Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/jof6030159
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys
- genotype
- macrocyclic trichothecenes
- stachybotrylactam
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Journal of Fungi
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2309-608X
publication_status: published
publisher: 'MDPI '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture
  Media
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 6
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '12964'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response
    and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral
    infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long
    time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful
    clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by
    a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus
    on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since
    systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive
    immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack
    the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal
    immune response in these patients.
article_number: '22'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Ebel F. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections.
    <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2020;6(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022">10.3390/jof6010022</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., &#38; Ebel, F. (2020). Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat
    Fungal Infections. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>6</i>(1), Article 22. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S and Ebel F</b> (2020) Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat
    Fungal Infections. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>6</b>.
  chicago: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Frank Ebel. “Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat
    Fungal Infections.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, no. 1 (2020). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022</a>.
  chicago-de: Ulrich, Sebastian und Frank Ebel. 2020. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools
    to Combat Fungal Infections. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6, Nr. 1. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022">10.3390/jof6010022</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ebel, Frank</span>: Monoclonal Antibodies
    as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections. In: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> Bd. 6. Basel,
    MDPI  (2020), Nr. 1'
  havard: S. Ulrich, F. Ebel, Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections,
    Journal of Fungi. 6 (2020).
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich and F. Ebel, “Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections,”
    <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, Art. no. 22, 2020, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022">10.3390/jof6010022</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, and Frank Ebel. “Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat
    Fungal Infections.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, 22, 2020, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, F. Ebel, Journal of Fungi 6 (2020).
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian/Ebel, Frank</b>: Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat
    Fungal Infections, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 6 (2020), H. 1.'
  van: Ulrich S, Ebel F. Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections.
    Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(1).
date_created: 2025-06-15T10:17:00Z
date_updated: 2025-06-18T11:13:40Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/jof6010022
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- monoclonal antibodies
- invasive fungal infections
- therapy
- prophylaxis
- opsonization
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Journal of Fungi
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2309-608X
publication_status: published
publisher: 'MDPI '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 6
year: '2020'
...