---
_id: '13233'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Atranones are secondary metabolites produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, a
    mold frequently found in water-damaged indoor environments. In contrast to the
    well-characterized and highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones have
    received relatively limited scientific attention. Approximately 60% of S. chartarum
    isolates from indoor environments produce atranones, while 40% form macrocyclic
    trichothecenes. No strain has been shown to produce both, indicating that the
    biosynthetic pathways for these two mycotoxin classes are mutually exclusive.
    Atranones are dolabellane-like diterpenoids synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
    through multiple enzymatic steps encoded by a specific core gene cluster. While
    the genetic structure of this cluster has been elucidated, its regulatory mechanisms
    remain poorly understood. Notably, although atranone-producing S. chartarum strains
    have been isolated from indoor settings, no study has yet confirmed the actual
    production of atranones in indoor environments, leaving the question of real-world
    exposure unresolved. Experimental studies in cell cultures and animal models indicate
    that atranones possess pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties, including the
    induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Atranone Q has demonstrated antitumor
    activity against osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and more recently identified derivatives
    such as stachatranone and stachybatranone have shown preliminary cardioprotective
    effects under ischemic conditions. However, these pharmacological effects remain
    exploratory and require further validation in in vivo models. Major knowledge
    gaps concern the environmental triggers for atranone biosynthesis, their regulation,
    actual presence in built environments, and potential health risks. These areas
    represent key priorities for future research. '
author:
- first_name: Mareike
  full_name: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike
  id: '66516'
  last_name: Dabisch-Ruthe
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7644-0826
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Pfannebecker, Jens
  id: '45690'
  last_name: Pfannebecker
  orcid: 0009-0005-4133-5442
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
citation:
  ama: Dabisch-Ruthe M, Pfannebecker J, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. Atranone-an
    underestimated secondary metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. Published online
    2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>
  apa: Dabisch-Ruthe, M., Pfannebecker, J., Straubinger, R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich,
    S. (2025). Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>
  bjps: <b>Dabisch-Ruthe M <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary
    Metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>.
  chicago: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, Jens Pfannebecker, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank
    Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich. “Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary Metabolite?”
    <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.
  chicago-de: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, Jens Pfannebecker, Reinhard K. Straubinger,
    Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich. 2025. Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?
    <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pfannebecker, Jens</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger,
    Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ebel, Frank</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Atranone-an
    underestimated secondary metabolite? In: <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. Berlin ; Heidelberg,
    Springer (2025)'
  havard: M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich,
    Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?, Mycotoxin Research. (2025).
  ieee: 'M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R. K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, and S. Ulrich,
    “Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?,” <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.'
  mla: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, et al. “Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary Metabolite?”
    <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.
  short: M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich,
    Mycotoxin Research (2025).
  ufg: '<b>Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike u. a.</b>: Atranone-an underestimated secondary
    metabolite?, in: <i>Mycotoxin Research</i> (2025).'
  van: Dabisch-Ruthe M, Pfannebecker J, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. Atranone-an
    underestimated secondary metabolite? Mycotoxin Research. 2025;
date_created: 2025-10-01T09:20:35Z
date_updated: 2025-10-06T12:11:00Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x
keyword:
- Atranone
- Secondary metabolite
- Stachybotrys
- Stachatranone
- Stachybatranone
language:
- iso: eng
place: Berlin ; Heidelberg
publication: Mycotoxin Research
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1867-1632
  issn:
  - 0178-7888
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
status: public
title: Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '12966'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The fungus Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs,
    damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes
    of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes
    (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters
    were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either
    macrocyclic trichothecenes (21 SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14 ATR (Atranone)
    genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detect SAT and ATR
    genes in 19 S. chartarum chemotype S and eight S. chartarum chemotype A strains.
    Our analysis revealed the existence of three different genotypes: satratoxin-producing
    strains that harbored all SAT genes but lacked the ATR gene cluster (genotype
    S), non-satratoxin-producing strains that possessed the ATR genes but lacked SAT
    genes (genotype A), and a hitherto undescribed hybrid genotype among non-satratoxin-producing
    strains that harbored all ATR genes and an incomplete set of SAT genes (genotype
    H). In order to improve the discrimination of genotypes, a triplex PCR assay was
    developed and applied for the analysis of S. chartarum and S. chlorohalonata cultures.
    The results show that genes for macrocyclic trichothecenes and atranones are not
    mutually exclusive in S. chartarum. Correlation of the new genotype-based concept
    with mycotoxin production data shows also that macrocyclic trichothecenes are
    exclusively produced by S. chartarum genotype S strains.'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Ludwig
  full_name: Niessen, Ludwig
  last_name: Niessen
- first_name: Julia
  full_name: Ekruth, Julia
  last_name: Ekruth
- first_name: Cornelius
  full_name: Schäfer, Cornelius
  last_name: Schäfer
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Kaltner, Florian
  last_name: Kaltner
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Gottschalk, Christoph
  last_name: Gottschalk
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Niessen L, Ekruth J, Schäfer C, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C. Truncated
    satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys
    chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. 2019;36(1):83-91. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x">10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., Niessen, L., Ekruth, J., Schäfer, C., Kaltner, F., &#38; Gottschalk,
    C. (2019). Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone
    chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>,
    <i>36</i>(1), 83–91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2019) Truncated Satratoxin Gene Clusters in
    Selected Isolates of the Atranone Chemotype of Stachybotrys Chartarum (Ehrenb.)
    S. Hughes. <i>Mycotoxin Research</i> <b>36</b>, 83–91.
  chicago: 'Ulrich, Sebastian, Ludwig Niessen, Julia Ekruth, Cornelius Schäfer, Florian
    Kaltner, and Christoph Gottschalk. “Truncated Satratoxin Gene Clusters in Selected
    Isolates of the Atranone Chemotype of Stachybotrys Chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes.”
    <i>Mycotoxin Research</i> 36, no. 1 (2019): 83–91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Ulrich, Sebastian, Ludwig Niessen, Julia Ekruth, Cornelius Schäfer,
    Florian Kaltner und Christoph Gottschalk. 2019. Truncated satratoxin gene clusters
    in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.)
    S. Hughes. <i>Mycotoxin Research</i> 36, Nr. 1: 83–91. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x">10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Niessen, Ludwig</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ekruth,
    Julia</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schäfer, Cornelius</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kaltner, Florian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gottschalk,
    Christoph</span>: Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the
    atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. In: <i>Mycotoxin
    Research</i> Bd. 36. Berlin ; Heidelberg, Springer (2019), Nr. 1, S. 83–91'
  havard: S. Ulrich, L. Niessen, J. Ekruth, C. Schäfer, F. Kaltner, C. Gottschalk,
    Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype
    of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes, Mycotoxin Research. 36 (2019) 83–91.
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich, L. Niessen, J. Ekruth, C. Schäfer, F. Kaltner, and C. Gottschalk,
    “Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype
    of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes,” <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, vol.
    36, no. 1, pp. 83–91, 2019, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x">10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “Truncated Satratoxin Gene Clusters in Selected Isolates
    of the Atranone Chemotype of Stachybotrys Chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes.” <i>Mycotoxin
    Research</i>, vol. 36, no. 1, 2019, pp. 83–91, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, L. Niessen, J. Ekruth, C. Schäfer, F. Kaltner, C. Gottschalk,
    Mycotoxin Research 36 (2019) 83–91.
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected
    isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes,
    in: <i>Mycotoxin Research</i> 36 (2019), H. 1,  S. 83–91.'
  van: Ulrich S, Niessen L, Ekruth J, Schäfer C, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C. Truncated
    satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys
    chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. Mycotoxin Research. 2019;36(1):83–91.
date_created: 2025-06-15T10:19:53Z
date_updated: 2025-06-18T11:20:11Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        36'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Acetyltransferases
- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
- Fungal Genes
- Fungal genetics
- Fungal genomics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
language:
- iso: eng
page: 83-91
place: Berlin ; Heidelberg
publication: Mycotoxin Research
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1867-1632
  issn:
  - 0178-7888
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype
  of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 36
year: '2019'
...