---
_id: '14114'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: It is widely accepted that digitalization, as a global megatrend and cross-cutting
    issue, has a significant impact on all aspects of urban development, including
    on Placemaking. Placemaking is commonly defined as the practice of shaping public
    spaces, giving them meaning, and fostering emotional connections with the citizens
    who frequent them. In the digital era, experimentation, co-creation, and design
    have expanded into digital spheres, including media facades, urban screens, urban
    media installations (Pavlaki , 2021 ) . Digital Placemaking, also known as hybrid
    placemaking, urban media or media architecture, brings together practitioners
    and researchers from various disciplines - such as architecture, urban planning,
    design, and art - to examine how the progressive development of physical spaces
    can be achieved through local digital technologies that deepen the connection
    between people and places , and enable broad public participation ( Hespanhol
    et al. , 2017). Currently, a main difficulty in the field is the dispersed discourse
    and terminology surrounding digital placemaking, which limits the development
    of shared knowledge across disciplines. To bridge the diverse scientific and artistic
    sources that do not yet exchange due to different incentives for creation and
    funding streams, the paper introduces a framework to structure both topics and
    forms of digital placemaking content. To obtain a framework of these fields, we
    evaluated a selection of 15 case studies from the last 10 years, including one
    interactive prototype developed and tested by the research team at OWL University.
    In addition to topics and form of content, the comparative analysis also includes
    type of digital intervention , type of public space, source, form of content ,
    developed by public/private entity, and objective of the interface. The variants
    in the categories derive from open coding and are complemented by findings from
    literature research. It was found that advertising and arts are widely established
    topics in digital elements in public spaces. Furthermore, the findings indicate
    that the visualization of data and publicly relevant information is growing in
    importance, driven by academia testing new technologies and public institutions
    (municipalities, public utility providers, etc.) using them to demonstrate transparency
    and being “digital”. However, it is debatable whether it serves as a token or
    offers real benefits to public discourse and better-informed citizens. To address
    the newly identified trend, the paper also examines how public data and information
    are communicated through digital interfaces and how they relate to closely discussed
    topics such as nudging and situated visualization. This framework can serve as
    a basis for adequately planning strategies for publicly-initiated digital placemaking,
    opening them up to artistic content, and, in general, enabling a fruitful exchange
    among different disciplines that digitally build public spaces.
author:
- first_name: Mareile
  full_name: Licht, Mareile
  id: '83590'
  last_name: Licht
  orcid: 0009-0001-2892-6767
- first_name: Mohamed Khaled
  full_name: Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled
  id: '81286'
  last_name: Ashmawy
- first_name: Axel
  full_name: Häusler, Axel
  id: '61520'
  last_name: Häusler
  orcid: 0009-0001-8565-8199
citation:
  ama: Licht M, Ashmawy MK, Häusler A. Framework for Structuring Digital Placemaking
    Content by Form and Topic. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna Polish
    Mineral Engineering Society</i>. 2026;2(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065">10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065</a>
  apa: Licht, M., Ashmawy, M. K., &#38; Häusler, A. (2026). Framework for Structuring
    Digital Placemaking Content by Form and Topic. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria
    Mineralna Polish Mineral Engineering Society</i>, <i>2</i>(1). <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065">https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065</a>
  bjps: <b>Licht M, Ashmawy MK and Häusler A</b> (2026) Framework for Structuring
    Digital Placemaking Content by Form and Topic. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria
    Mineralna Polish Mineral Engineering Society</i> <b>2</b>.
  chicago: Licht, Mareile, Mohamed Khaled Ashmawy, and Axel Häusler. “Framework for
    Structuring Digital Placemaking Content by Form and Topic.” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna
    Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral Engineering Society</i> 2, no. 1 (2026). <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065">https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065</a>.
  chicago-de: Licht, Mareile, Mohamed Khaled Ashmawy und Axel Häusler. 2026. Framework
    for Structuring Digital Placemaking Content by Form and Topic. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna
    Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral Engineering Society</i> 2, Nr. 1. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065">10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Licht, Mareile</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Häusler,
    Axel</span>: Framework for Structuring Digital Placemaking Content by Form and
    Topic. In: <i>Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral Engineering
    Society</i> Bd. 2. Kraków, Polish Mineral Engineering Society (Polskie Towarzystwo
    Przeróbki Kopalin) (2026), Nr. 1'
  havard: M. Licht, M.K. Ashmawy, A. Häusler, Framework for Structuring Digital Placemaking
    Content by Form and Topic, Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral
    Engineering Society. 2 (2026).
  ieee: 'M. Licht, M. K. Ashmawy, and A. Häusler, “Framework for Structuring Digital
    Placemaking Content by Form and Topic,” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna
    Polish Mineral Engineering Society</i>, vol. 2, no. 1, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065">10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065</a>.'
  mla: Licht, Mareile, et al. “Framework for Structuring Digital Placemaking Content
    by Form and Topic.” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral
    Engineering Society</i>, vol. 2, no. 1, 2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065">https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065</a>.
  short: M. Licht, M.K. Ashmawy, A. Häusler, Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna
    Polish Mineral Engineering Society 2 (2026).
  ufg: '<b>Licht, Mareile/Ashmawy, Mohamed Khaled/Häusler, Axel</b>: Framework for
    Structuring Digital Placemaking Content by Form and Topic, in: <i>Inżynieria Mineralna
    Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral Engineering Society</i> 2 (2026), H. 1.'
  van: Licht M, Ashmawy MK, Häusler A. Framework for Structuring Digital Placemaking
    Content by Form and Topic. Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral
    Engineering Society. 2026;2(1).
conference:
  end_date: 2026-09-04
  location: Ostrava
  name: 11th World Multidisciplinary Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture,
    and Urban Planning (WMCCAU 2026)
  start_date: 2026-08-31
date_created: 2026-11-09T10:17:13Z
date_updated: 2026-11-09T14:47:31Z
department:
- _id: DEP1055
- _id: DEP1625
doi: 10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-065
intvolume: '         2'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- public space
- placemaking
- data visualization
- smart city
- governance
language:
- iso: eng
place: Kraków
publication: Inżynieria Mineralna Inżynieria Mineralna Polish Mineral Engineering
  Society
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1640-4920
publication_status: published
publisher: Polish Mineral Engineering Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin)
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Framework for Structuring Digital Placemaking Content by Form and Topic
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 2
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '13307'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Urban transformation and urban preservation are often seen as contradicting
    goals. Currently, there is no agreed - upon strategy on how to transform historic
    parts of the city while maintaining their heritage values. Many cities today are
    characterised by modern 20th - century heritage, yet it poses a challenge to their
    liveability and to the adoption of less car - dependent lifestyles. The concept
    of 15 - minute cities can be used to improve urban liveability, which may positively
    affect the experience and functionality of modern historic urban landscapes (HUL).
    A review of the existing literature on the 15 - minute city concept was carried
    out with the aim of identifying its key indicators and proposing possible new
    ones. This research primarily explores how the 15 - minute city concept can be
    applied holistically and efficiently in modern heritage. Following the PRISMA
    guidelines, 20 articles published after the introduction of the concept and meeting
    the inclusion criteria in the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases were reviewed.
    Selected examples and case studies are analysed to contextualise these variables
    and explore how they can be reflected in modern historic urban landscapes. As
    a result, the following variables are identified as central to the 15 - minute
    city concept: mobility, time, distance, speed, functions of the amenities each
    with their associated indicators. Moreover, spatial characteristics, human - centred
    factors and heritage values are proposed as variables. The results are expected
    to give insights into how to operationalise the concept of 15 - minute cities
    in modern sites of historic urban landscapes, in order to improve liveability
    while simultaneously preserving its values. This research contributes to the Sustainable
    Development Goals (SDGs) by promoting walkable, climate - resilient neighbourhoods.
    In particular, it aligns with SDG Target 11.4, which focuses on cultural and natural
    heritage.'
author:
- first_name: Aylin
  full_name: Erol, Aylin
  id: '87943'
  last_name: Erol
- first_name: Marcel
  full_name: Cardinali, Marcel
  id: '58462'
  last_name: Cardinali
  orcid: 0000-0002-8841-9345
- first_name: Susanne
  full_name: Kost, Susanne
  id: '83142'
  last_name: Kost
- first_name: Uta
  full_name: Pottgiesser, Uta
  id: '27166'
  last_name: Pottgiesser
  orcid: 0000-0002-8594-3168
citation:
  ama: 'Erol A, Cardinali M, Kost S, Pottgiesser U. A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute
    City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability. <i>Inżynieria
    Mineralna</i>. 2025;2(2):1-9. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123">10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123</a>'
  apa: 'Erol, A., Cardinali, M., Kost, S., &#38; Pottgiesser, U. (2025). A Systematic
    Review of the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability.
    <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>, <i>2</i>(2), 1–9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123">https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Erol A <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute City
    Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>
    <b>2</b>, 1–9.'
  chicago: 'Erol, Aylin, Marcel Cardinali, Susanne Kost, and Uta Pottgiesser. “A Systematic
    Review of the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability.”
    <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> 2, no. 2 (2025): 1–9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123">https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Erol, Aylin, Marcel Cardinali, Susanne Kost und Uta Pottgiesser. 2025.
    A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability
    and Sustainability. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> 2, Nr. 2: 1–9. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123">10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Erol, Aylin</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cardinali, Marcel</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kost,
    Susanne</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pottgiesser, Uta</span>:
    A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability
    and Sustainability. In: <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> Bd. 2. Kraków , Polskie Towarzystwo
    Przeróbki Kopalin  (2025), Nr. 2, S. 1–9'
  havard: 'A. Erol, M. Cardinali, S. Kost, U. Pottgiesser, A Systematic Review of
    the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability,
    Inżynieria Mineralna. 2 (2025) 1–9.'
  ieee: 'A. Erol, M. Cardinali, S. Kost, and U. Pottgiesser, “A Systematic Review
    of the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability,”
    <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123">10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123</a>.'
  mla: 'Erol, Aylin, et al. “A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators
    for Urban Liveability and Sustainability.” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>, vol. 2,
    no. 2, 2025, pp. 1–9, <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123">https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123</a>.'
  short: A. Erol, M. Cardinali, S. Kost, U. Pottgiesser, Inżynieria Mineralna 2 (2025)
    1–9.
  ufg: '<b>Erol, Aylin u. a.</b>: A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute City Concept:
    Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability, in: <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>
    2 (2025), H. 2,  S. 1–9.'
  van: 'Erol A, Cardinali M, Kost S, Pottgiesser U. A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute
    City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability and Sustainability. Inżynieria
    Mineralna. 2025;2(2):1–9.'
date_created: 2025-11-25T10:26:14Z
date_updated: 2025-11-26T07:27:17Z
department:
- _id: DEP1647
- _id: DEP1620
doi: 10.29227/im-2025-02-02-123
intvolume: '         2'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- 15-minute city
- historic urban landscapes (HUL)
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- heritage
- modernism
- urban indicators
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-9
place: 'Kraków '
publication: Inżynieria Mineralna
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1640-4920
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin '
status: public
title: 'A Systematic Review of the 15-Minute City Concept: Indicators for Urban Liveability
  and Sustainability'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 2
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '13310'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The mental health crisis among university students is gradually increasing,
    from psychological fatigue, burnout, and anxiety to suicide, forcing universities
    to integrate a mental health focus in sustainable campus planning. Mental health
    can be influenced, either alleviated or exacerbated, by the academic environment.
    Campus Sustainability Assessment Tools (CSATs) provided various indicators, but
    few include spatial indicators related to mental health. To bridge this gap, it
    is essential to understand the influence of spatial aspects on students’ psychological
    well - being. Identifying environmental stressors and spatial qualities and translating
    them into indicators that can be consistently defined and evaluated is relevant.
    This study aims to address the gap in CSATs regarding students'' mental health
    and to develop spatial indicators for universities to embed mental health. The
    goal is to propose spatial indicators that allow universities to evaluate and
    measure the relationship between the built campus environment and mental health.
    A comparative analysis was conducted on ten CSAT frameworks and two related frameworks,
    including the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the Circular Economy (CE),
    with a focus on identifying and evaluating existing assessments. In parallel,
    a review was conducted to analyze key psychological stressors and interventions
    in the academic environment for university students'' mental health. This included
    formulating spatial indicators that describe, quantify, and assess the relationship
    to psychological outcomes. Findings show that existing CSATs prioritize curriculum
    and teaching approaches, and research includes scholarship, social network, and
    operational aspects. However, only the Sustainability Tool for Auditing Universities''
    Curricula in Higher Education (STAUNCH) and Sustainability Tracking, Assessment
    &amp; Rating System (STARS) explicitly reference mental health. Apart from STAUNCH
    and UI GreenMetric, which include indicators of biodiversity and green space ratio,
    respectively, nearly all frameworks focus on non - physical, conceptual metrics.
    The identification of spatial indicators is linked to specific design attributes
    — such as natural light, spatial openness, and access to nature — that promise
    reduced stress and enhanced emotional well - being. Key findings related to the
    study’s spatial indicators propose a three - part indicator set: 1. Psycho - spatial
    indicators (e.g., light, acoustic, and visual comfort, finishing material, accessibility,
    air quality, layout) . 2. Socio - spatial indicators (e.g., communal area, visibility,
    accessibility, safety, interconnection) . 3. Restorative spatial indicators (e.g.,
    naturalness, spatiality, safety and security, privacy - public balance) . Universities
    must focus on preserving students’ mental health by improving their physical environments,
    especially because supporting and fostering mental health is no longer optional.
    Understanding the tangible ways in which space impacts mental health enables universities
    to define clear, measurable criteria for improvement. These findings offer a practical
    foundation for evaluating existing environments and guiding future design interventions.
    A three - part indicator set will be developed and applied through a mixed - method
    case study approach, implemented in two existing campuses, and it will be examined
    in depth via on - site observations, structured interviews, and student surveys
    to capture both measurable data and lived experiences. The framework aims to articulate
    the connection between spatial design and mental health and to establish a methodology
    for identifying, defining, and assessing these indicators across different university
    settings.'
author:
- first_name: Nathania
  full_name: Nadia, Nathania
  id: '80588'
  last_name: Nadia
- first_name: Uta
  full_name: Pottgiesser, Uta
  id: '27166'
  last_name: Pottgiesser
  orcid: 0000-0002-8594-3168
citation:
  ama: 'Nadia N, Pottgiesser U. Sustainable Design for Mental Health: A Framework
    of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>. 2025;2(2).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098">10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098</a>'
  apa: 'Nadia, N., &#38; Pottgiesser, U. (2025). Sustainable Design for Mental Health:
    A Framework of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>,
    <i>2</i>(2). <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098">https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Nadia N and Pottgiesser U</b> (2025) Sustainable Design for Mental Health:
    A Framework of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>
    <b>2</b>.'
  chicago: 'Nadia, Nathania, and Uta Pottgiesser. “Sustainable Design for Mental Health:
    A Framework of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses.” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>
    2, no. 2 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098">https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Nadia, Nathania und Uta Pottgiesser. 2025. Sustainable Design for Mental
    Health: A Framework of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses. <i>Inżynieria
    Mineralna</i> 2, Nr. 2. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098">10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Nadia, Nathania</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pottgiesser, Uta</span>: Sustainable Design for
    Mental Health: A Framework of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses. In:
    <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> Bd. 2. Kraków, Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin
    (2025), Nr. 2'
  havard: 'N. Nadia, U. Pottgiesser, Sustainable Design for Mental Health: A Framework
    of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses, Inżynieria Mineralna. 2 (2025).'
  ieee: 'N. Nadia and U. Pottgiesser, “Sustainable Design for Mental Health: A Framework
    of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses,” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>, vol.
    2, no. 2, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098">10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098</a>.'
  mla: 'Nadia, Nathania, and Uta Pottgiesser. “Sustainable Design for Mental Health:
    A Framework of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses.” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>,
    vol. 2, no. 2, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098">https://doi.org/10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098</a>.'
  short: N. Nadia, U. Pottgiesser, Inżynieria Mineralna 2 (2025).
  ufg: '<b>Nadia, Nathania/Pottgiesser, Uta</b>: Sustainable Design for Mental Health:
    A Framework of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses, in: <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>
    2 (2025), H. 2.'
  van: 'Nadia N, Pottgiesser U. Sustainable Design for Mental Health: A Framework
    of Spatial Indicators for University Campuses. Inżynieria Mineralna. 2025;2(2).'
date_created: 2025-11-26T19:27:00Z
date_updated: 2025-12-01T10:35:56Z
department:
- _id: DEP1600
- _id: DEP1055
doi: 10.29227/im-2025-02-02-098
intvolume: '         2'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- campus sustainability
- mental health design
- spatial indicators
language:
- iso: eng
place: Kraków
publication: Inżynieria Mineralna
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1640-4920
publication_status: published
publisher: Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin
status: public
title: 'Sustainable Design for Mental Health: A Framework of Spatial Indicators for
  University Campuses'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 2
year: '2025'
...