[{"date_created":"2026-03-25T13:35:54Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1664-0640"]},"quality_controlled":"1","isi":"1","date_updated":"2026-04-10T09:46:51Z","publication_status":"published","volume":15,"department":[{"_id":"DEP1500"}],"year":"2025","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Introduction Randomized controlled trials require diverse patient groups to ensure broad applicability of results. However, gender minorities are often not included, which affects the generalizability and equity of healthcare outcomes. Inclusive research must consider the diversity of sex and gender to eliminate inequalities and improve health outcomes.Methods A two-stage expert survey was conducted using a self-developed questionnaire in which the constructs of sex, gender, and gender expression were considered. Experts rated the importance and practicality of assessing these concepts in clinical trials and evaluated terms for suitability and comprehension. In addition, existing definitions were refined. Consensus was defined as 70% agreement or disagreement.Results 14 out of 17 participating experts agreed on the importance to independently assess sex assigned at birth, and 9 out of 16 emphasized this for gender identity in clinical trials. Sex should be assessed with \"Please specify your sex assigned at birth\" and the answer categories \"female\", \"male\", \"intersex\". Gender identity should be assessed with \"I identify as & mldr;\" and the answer categories \"woman\", \"man\", \"nonbinary\", \"trans woman\", \"trans man\", \"genderqueer\", \"genderfluid\", \"agender\", \"two spirit\". Assessment of gender expression depends on the research question and may not be relevant for every study.Discussion Our findings emphasize inclusivity by providing multiple gender options and improve data accuracy by allowing individuals to accurately report their gender identity. The results emphasize the importance of distinguishing between sex assigned at birth, gender identity, and gender expression in research. This ensures that gender diversity is accurately represented and considered, improving the relevance and inclusivity of clinical trials."}],"author":[{"first_name":"Hannah R","last_name":"Hambruch","full_name":"Hambruch, Hannah R"},{"last_name":"Laskowski","full_name":"Laskowski, Nora M.","first_name":"Nora M."},{"full_name":"Juster, Robert-Paul","last_name":"Juster","first_name":"Robert-Paul"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-9529-2215","last_name":"Halbeisen","id":"85780","full_name":"Halbeisen, Georg","first_name":"Georg"},{"first_name":"Georgios","full_name":"Paslakis, Georgios","last_name":"Paslakis"}],"title":"An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research","type":"scientific_journal_article","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487","publication":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","intvolume":"        15","pmid":"1","user_id":"83778","_id":"13562","publisher":"Frontiers","external_id":{"pmid":["39944133"],"isi":["001417990600001"]},"citation":{"apa":"Hambruch, H. R., Laskowski, N. M., Juster, R.-P., Halbeisen, G., &#38; Paslakis, G. (2025). An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, <i>15</i>, Article 1448487. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hambruch, Hannah R</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Laskowski, Nora M.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Juster, Robert-Paul</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Halbeisen, Georg</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Paslakis, Georgios</span>: An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research. In: <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> Bd. 15, Frontiers (2025)","havard":"H.R. Hambruch, N.M. Laskowski, R.-P. Juster, G. Halbeisen, G. Paslakis, An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research, Frontiers in Psychiatry. 15 (2025).","chicago-de":"Hambruch, Hannah R, Nora M. Laskowski, Robert-Paul Juster, Georg Halbeisen und Georgios Paslakis. 2025. An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 15. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487\">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>, .","short":"H.R. Hambruch, N.M. Laskowski, R.-P. Juster, G. Halbeisen, G. Paslakis, Frontiers in Psychiatry 15 (2025).","ieee":"H. R. Hambruch, N. M. Laskowski, R.-P. Juster, G. Halbeisen, and G. Paslakis, “An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research,” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, vol. 15, Art. no. 1448487, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487\">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>.","ufg":"<b>Hambruch, Hannah R. u. a.</b>: An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research, in: <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 15 (2025).","mla":"Hambruch, Hannah R., et al. “An Expert Perspective on Diversity-Oriented Standards for Assessing Sex and Gender in Clinical Research.” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, vol. 15, 1448487, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>.","ama":"Hambruch HR, Laskowski NM, Juster RP, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>. 2025;15. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487\">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>","van":"Hambruch HR, Laskowski NM, Juster RP, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2025;15.","chicago":"Hambruch, Hannah R, Nora M. Laskowski, Robert-Paul Juster, Georg Halbeisen, and Georgios Paslakis. “An Expert Perspective on Diversity-Oriented Standards for Assessing Sex and Gender in Clinical Research.” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 15 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>.","bjps":"<b>Hambruch HR <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) An Expert Perspective on Diversity-Oriented Standards for Assessing Sex and Gender in Clinical Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> <b>15</b>."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"extern":"1","status":"public","article_number":"1448487"},{"publication":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043","intvolume":"        13","pmid":"1","_id":"13588","user_id":"83778","citation":{"bjps":"<b>Halbeisen G, Brandt G and Paslakis G</b> (2022) A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> <b>13</b>.","van":"Halbeisen G, Brandt G, Paslakis G. A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;13.","ama":"Halbeisen G, Brandt G, Paslakis G. A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>. 2022;13. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043\">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>","short":"G. Halbeisen, G. Brandt, G. Paslakis, Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 (2022).","ufg":"<b>Halbeisen, Georg/Brandt, G./Paslakis, G.</b>: A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research, in: <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 13 (2022).","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Halbeisen, Georg</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Brandt, G</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Paslakis, G</span>: A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. In: <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> Bd. 13, Frontiers (2022)","mla":"Halbeisen, Georg, et al. “A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research.” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, vol. 13, 2022, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>.","chicago":"Halbeisen, Georg, G Brandt, and G Paslakis. “A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research.” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 13 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>.","ieee":"G. Halbeisen, G. Brandt, and G. Paslakis, “A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research,” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, vol. 13, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043\">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>.","apa":"Halbeisen, G., Brandt, G., &#38; Paslakis, G. (2022). A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, <i>13</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043\">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>","chicago-de":"Halbeisen, Georg, G Brandt und G Paslakis. 2022. A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 13. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043\">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>, .","havard":"G. Halbeisen, G. Brandt, G. Paslakis, A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research, Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13 (2022)."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"external_id":{"pmid":["35250670"],"isi":["000765936600001"]},"publisher":"Frontiers","extern":"1","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1664-0640"]},"date_created":"2026-03-25T13:36:15Z","quality_controlled":"1","isi":"1","volume":13,"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-04-09T12:18:02Z","department":[{"_id":"DEP1500"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Eating disorders (EDs) are often stereotyped as affecting the SWAG, that is, as affecting mostly skinny, White, affluent girls. Over the last decade, however, significant progress has been made toward increasing diversity in ED research. There is consensus that EDs affect individuals of all genders, ages, sexual orientations, ethnic, and socio-economic backgrounds, with recent studies exploring social determinants of ED etiology, ED presentation, and developing diversity-affirming ED assessments. This article provides a brief summary of current developments related to diversity as a research theme, and proposes different perspectives toward further improving diversity in ED research. Specifically, we argue for exploring the role of diversity in ED treatment settings and outcomes, for pursuing diversity-oriented research pro-actively rather than as a reaction to issues of under-representation, and for integrating diversity across different areas of medical education and trainings in psychotherapy. Limitations with respect to the paucity of research, and the link between diversity as a research theme and ED-related workforce diversity are discussed.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2022","author":[{"first_name":"Georg","orcid":"0000-0002-9529-2215","last_name":"Halbeisen","full_name":"Halbeisen, Georg","id":"85780"},{"full_name":"Brandt, G","last_name":"Brandt","first_name":"G"},{"first_name":"G","last_name":"Paslakis","full_name":"Paslakis, G"}],"title":"A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research","type":"scientific_journal_article"}]