---
_id: '13562'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Introduction Randomized controlled trials require diverse patient groups to
    ensure broad applicability of results. However, gender minorities are often not
    included, which affects the generalizability and equity of healthcare outcomes.
    Inclusive research must consider the diversity of sex and gender to eliminate
    inequalities and improve health outcomes.Methods A two-stage expert survey was
    conducted using a self-developed questionnaire in which the constructs of sex,
    gender, and gender expression were considered. Experts rated the importance and
    practicality of assessing these concepts in clinical trials and evaluated terms
    for suitability and comprehension. In addition, existing definitions were refined.
    Consensus was defined as 70% agreement or disagreement.Results 14 out of 17 participating
    experts agreed on the importance to independently assess sex assigned at birth,
    and 9 out of 16 emphasized this for gender identity in clinical trials. Sex should
    be assessed with "Please specify your sex assigned at birth" and the answer categories
    "female", "male", "intersex". Gender identity should be assessed with "I identify
    as & mldr;" and the answer categories "woman", "man", "nonbinary", "trans woman",
    "trans man", "genderqueer", "genderfluid", "agender", "two spirit". Assessment
    of gender expression depends on the research question and may not be relevant
    for every study.Discussion Our findings emphasize inclusivity by providing multiple
    gender options and improve data accuracy by allowing individuals to accurately
    report their gender identity. The results emphasize the importance of distinguishing
    between sex assigned at birth, gender identity, and gender expression in research.
    This ensures that gender diversity is accurately represented and considered, improving
    the relevance and inclusivity of clinical trials.
article_number: '1448487'
author:
- first_name: Hannah R
  full_name: Hambruch, Hannah R
  last_name: Hambruch
- first_name: Nora M.
  full_name: Laskowski, Nora M.
  last_name: Laskowski
- first_name: Robert-Paul
  full_name: Juster, Robert-Paul
  last_name: Juster
- first_name: Georg
  full_name: Halbeisen, Georg
  id: '85780'
  last_name: Halbeisen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
- first_name: Georgios
  full_name: Paslakis, Georgios
  last_name: Paslakis
citation:
  ama: Hambruch HR, Laskowski NM, Juster RP, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. An expert perspective
    on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research.
    <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>. 2025;15. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>
  apa: Hambruch, H. R., Laskowski, N. M., Juster, R.-P., Halbeisen, G., &#38; Paslakis,
    G. (2025). An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing
    sex and gender in clinical research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, <i>15</i>,
    Article 1448487. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>
  bjps: <b>Hambruch HR <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) An Expert Perspective on Diversity-Oriented
    Standards for Assessing Sex and Gender in Clinical Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>
    <b>15</b>.
  chicago: Hambruch, Hannah R, Nora M. Laskowski, Robert-Paul Juster, Georg Halbeisen,
    and Georgios Paslakis. “An Expert Perspective on Diversity-Oriented Standards
    for Assessing Sex and Gender in Clinical Research.” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>
    15 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>.
  chicago-de: Hambruch, Hannah R, Nora M. Laskowski, Robert-Paul Juster, Georg Halbeisen
    und Georgios Paslakis. 2025. An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards
    for assessing sex and gender in clinical research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>
    15. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hambruch, Hannah R</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Laskowski, Nora M.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Juster,
    Robert-Paul</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Halbeisen, Georg</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Paslakis, Georgios</span>: An expert
    perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical
    research. In: <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> Bd. 15, Frontiers (2025)'
  havard: H.R. Hambruch, N.M. Laskowski, R.-P. Juster, G. Halbeisen, G. Paslakis,
    An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender
    in clinical research, Frontiers in Psychiatry. 15 (2025).
  ieee: 'H. R. Hambruch, N. M. Laskowski, R.-P. Juster, G. Halbeisen, and G. Paslakis,
    “An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender
    in clinical research,” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, vol. 15, Art. no. 1448487,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487">10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>.'
  mla: Hambruch, Hannah R., et al. “An Expert Perspective on Diversity-Oriented Standards
    for Assessing Sex and Gender in Clinical Research.” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>,
    vol. 15, 1448487, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487</a>.
  short: H.R. Hambruch, N.M. Laskowski, R.-P. Juster, G. Halbeisen, G. Paslakis, Frontiers
    in Psychiatry 15 (2025).
  ufg: '<b>Hambruch, Hannah R. u. a.</b>: An expert perspective on diversity-oriented
    standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research, in: <i>Frontiers
    in Psychiatry</i> 15 (2025).'
  van: Hambruch HR, Laskowski NM, Juster RP, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. An expert perspective
    on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and gender in clinical research.
    Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2025;15.
date_created: 2026-03-25T13:35:54Z
date_updated: 2026-04-10T09:46:51Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448487
extern: '1'
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001417990600001'
  pmid:
  - '39944133'
intvolume: '        15'
isi: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
pmid: '1'
publication: Frontiers in Psychiatry
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1664-0640
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: An expert perspective on diversity-oriented standards for assessing sex and
  gender in clinical research
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83778'
volume: 15
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '13588'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Eating disorders (EDs) are often stereotyped as affecting the SWAG, that is,
    as affecting mostly skinny, White, affluent girls. Over the last decade, however,
    significant progress has been made toward increasing diversity in ED research.
    There is consensus that EDs affect individuals of all genders, ages, sexual orientations,
    ethnic, and socio-economic backgrounds, with recent studies exploring social determinants
    of ED etiology, ED presentation, and developing diversity-affirming ED assessments.
    This article provides a brief summary of current developments related to diversity
    as a research theme, and proposes different perspectives toward further improving
    diversity in ED research. Specifically, we argue for exploring the role of diversity
    in ED treatment settings and outcomes, for pursuing diversity-oriented research
    pro-actively rather than as a reaction to issues of under-representation, and
    for integrating diversity across different areas of medical education and trainings
    in psychotherapy. Limitations with respect to the paucity of research, and the
    link between diversity as a research theme and ED-related workforce diversity
    are discussed.
author:
- first_name: Georg
  full_name: Halbeisen, Georg
  id: '85780'
  last_name: Halbeisen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
- first_name: G
  full_name: Brandt, G
  last_name: Brandt
- first_name: G
  full_name: Paslakis, G
  last_name: Paslakis
citation:
  ama: Halbeisen G, Brandt G, Paslakis G. A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders
    Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>. 2022;13. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>
  apa: Halbeisen, G., Brandt, G., &#38; Paslakis, G. (2022). A Plea for Diversity
    in Eating Disorders Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, <i>13</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>
  bjps: <b>Halbeisen G, Brandt G and Paslakis G</b> (2022) A Plea for Diversity in
    Eating Disorders Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> <b>13</b>.
  chicago: Halbeisen, Georg, G Brandt, and G Paslakis. “A Plea for Diversity in Eating
    Disorders Research.” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 13 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>.
  chicago-de: Halbeisen, Georg, G Brandt und G Paslakis. 2022. A Plea for Diversity
    in Eating Disorders Research. <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 13. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Halbeisen, Georg</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Brandt, G</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Paslakis,
    G</span>: A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research. In: <i>Frontiers
    in Psychiatry</i> Bd. 13, Frontiers (2022)'
  havard: G. Halbeisen, G. Brandt, G. Paslakis, A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders
    Research, Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13 (2022).
  ieee: 'G. Halbeisen, G. Brandt, and G. Paslakis, “A Plea for Diversity in Eating
    Disorders Research,” <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, vol. 13, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>.'
  mla: Halbeisen, Georg, et al. “A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research.”
    <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i>, vol. 13, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043</a>.
  short: G. Halbeisen, G. Brandt, G. Paslakis, Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Halbeisen, Georg/Brandt, G./Paslakis, G.</b>: A Plea for Diversity in Eating
    Disorders Research, in: <i>Frontiers in Psychiatry</i> 13 (2022).'
  van: Halbeisen G, Brandt G, Paslakis G. A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders
    Research. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;13.
date_created: 2026-03-25T13:36:15Z
date_updated: 2026-04-09T12:18:02Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.820043
extern: '1'
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000765936600001'
  pmid:
  - '35250670'
intvolume: '        13'
isi: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
pmid: '1'
publication: Frontiers in Psychiatry
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1664-0640
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A Plea for Diversity in Eating Disorders Research
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83778'
volume: 13
year: '2022'
...