[{"type":"scientific_journal_article","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","issue":"5","date_updated":"2025-06-25T12:41:40Z","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627","quality_controlled":"1","external_id":{"isi":["001147069800001"]},"user_id":"83781","year":"2024","department":[{"_id":"DEP7018"},{"_id":"DEP1309"}],"status":"public","keyword":["Oil palm wood","compression","tension","strength","young’s modulus","digital image correlation","glued laminated timber"],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles. Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyle­dons, the strength in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel) or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6 : 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower. The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is the low stiffness."}],"page":"1101-1116","intvolume":"        19","author":[{"id":"26232","last_name":"Frühwald-König","full_name":"Frühwald-König, Katja","first_name":"Katja"},{"first_name":"Lena","last_name":"Heister","id":"71887","full_name":"Heister, Lena"}],"isi":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1748-0272"],"eissn":["1748-0280"]},"citation":{"havard":"K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood, Wood Material Science and Engineering. 19 (2024) 1101–1116.","short":"K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Wood Material Science and Engineering 19 (2024) 1101–1116.","apa":"Frühwald-König, K., &#38; Heister, L. (2024). Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. <i>Wood Material Science and Engineering</i>, <i>19</i>(5), 1101–1116. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627</a>","mla":"Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.” <i>Wood Material Science and Engineering</i>, vol. 19, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1101–16, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627</a>.","ufg":"<b>Frühwald-König, Katja/Heister, Lena</b>: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood, in: <i>Wood material science and engineering</i> 19 (2024), H. 5,  S. 1101–1116.","chicago-de":"Frühwald-König, Katja und Lena Heister. 2024. Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. <i>Wood material science and engineering</i> 19, Nr. 5: 1101–1116. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627</a>, .","ieee":"K. Frühwald-König and L. Heister, “Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,” <i>Wood material science and engineering</i>, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1101–1116, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627</a>.","ama":"Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. <i>Wood material science and engineering</i>. 2024;19(5):1101-1116. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627</a>","van":"Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material science and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101–16.","bjps":"<b>Frühwald-König K and Heister L</b> (2024) Compression Properties of Glued Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood. <i>Wood material science and engineering</i> <b>19</b>, 1101–1116.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Frühwald-König, Katja</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Heister, Lena</span>: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. In: <i>Wood material science and engineering</i> Bd. 19. London, Taylor &#38; Francis (2024), Nr. 5, S. 1101–1116","chicago":"Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.” <i>Wood Material Science and Engineering</i> 19, no. 5 (2024): 1101–16. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627</a>."},"place":"London","volume":19,"publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2024-02-25T07:30:24Z","title":"Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood","publication":"Wood material science and engineering","_id":"11113"},{"publication":"Wood material science and engineering ","_id":"11114","citation":{"short":"N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, Wood Material Science and Engineering  (2024) 1–18.","bjps":"<b>Kölli N and Frühwald-König K</b> (2024) Elasto-Mechanical Properties of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber. <i>Wood material science and engineering </i> 1–18.","mla":"Kölli, Nathan, and Katja Frühwald-König. “Elasto-Mechanical Properties of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” <i>Wood Material Science and Engineering </i>, 2024, pp. 1–18, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977</a>.","apa":"Kölli, N., &#38; Frühwald-König, K. (2024). Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. <i>Wood Material Science and Engineering </i>, 1–18. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977</a>","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kölli, Nathan</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Frühwald-König, Katja</span>: Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. In: <i>Wood material science and engineering </i>. London, Taylor &#38; Francis (2024), S. 1–18","ufg":"<b>Kölli, Nathan/Frühwald-König, Katja</b>: Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, in: <i>Wood material science and engineering </i> (2024),  S. 1–18.","chicago":"Kölli, Nathan, and Katja Frühwald-König. “Elasto-Mechanical Properties of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” <i>Wood Material Science and Engineering </i>, 2024, 1–18. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977</a>.","chicago-de":"Kölli, Nathan und Katja Frühwald-König. 2024. Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. <i>Wood material science and engineering </i>: 1–18. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977</a>, .","havard":"N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, Wood Material Science and Engineering . (2024) 1–18.","ieee":"N. Kölli and K. Frühwald-König, “Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber,” <i>Wood material science and engineering </i>, pp. 1–18, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977</a>.","ama":"Kölli N, Frühwald-König K. Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. <i>Wood material science and engineering </i>. Published online 2024:1-18. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977</a>","van":"Kölli N, Frühwald-König K. Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood material science and engineering . 2024;1–18."},"place":"London","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2024-02-25T07:32:31Z","author":[{"first_name":"Nathan","last_name":"Kölli","id":"73742","full_name":"Kölli, Nathan"},{"full_name":"Frühwald-König, Katja","id":"26232","last_name":"Frühwald-König","first_name":"Katja"}],"isi":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1748-0272"],"eissn":["1748-0280"]},"title":"Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber","status":"public","user_id":"83781","year":"2024","department":[{"_id":"DEP7018"},{"_id":"DEP1309"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Oil palm wood is mainly low in density and since strength and stiffness correlate with density, this study aimed to enhance the properties of oil palm wood through thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densification. In contrast to other studies using small laboratory-sized specimens, this study examined the densification of oil palm boards in sawn timber dimensions of 2.0 m length. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending, shear strength and shear modulus parallel by two-plate shear test and Young’s modulus in the three main directions as well as shear modulus in the three planes by ultrasonic testing were determined at densified and undensified specimens. The bending properties were increased to considerably higher levels and a compression ratio of 60% showed higher MOE and MOR values than that of 40%; whereas for boards of the inner part of the trunk, a compression ratio of 60% showed better results than that of 75%. The shear properties were only slightly increased through densification. Densification can improve the properties of oil palm wood. However, the wide range of density and properties found in natural oil palm wood is also present in densified oil palm wood."}],"page":"1-18","keyword":["Bending strength","densification","e-modulus","g-modulus","shear strength"],"publisher":"Taylor & Francis","type":"scientific_journal_article","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977","date_updated":"2025-06-25T12:42:37Z","quality_controlled":"1","external_id":{"isi":["001170089500001"]}},{"isi":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Kölli, Nathan","id":"74242","last_name":"Kölli","first_name":"Nathan"},{"first_name":"Katja","full_name":"Frühwald-König, Katja","id":"26232","last_name":"Frühwald-König"},{"last_name":"Hackel","id":"79798","full_name":"Hackel, Martin","first_name":"Martin"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1748-0280"],"issn":["1748-0272"]},"place":"London","citation":{"chicago":"Kölli, Nathan, Katja Frühwald-König, and Martin Hackel. “Hygroscopic Behavior of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, 2024, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100</a>.","chicago-de":"Kölli, Nathan, Katja Frühwald-König und Martin Hackel. 2024. Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>: 1–12. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100</a>, .","ufg":"<b>Kölli, Nathan/Frühwald-König, Katja/Hackel, Martin</b>: Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, in: <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i> (2024),  S. 1–12.","apa":"Kölli, N., Frühwald-König, K., &#38; Hackel, M. (2024). Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, 1–12. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100</a>","mla":"Kölli, Nathan, et al. “Hygroscopic Behavior of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, 2024, pp. 1–12, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kölli, Nathan</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Frühwald-König, Katja</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hackel, Martin</span>: Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. In: <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>. London, Taylor &#38; Francis (2024), S. 1–12","bjps":"<b>Kölli N, Frühwald-König K and Hackel M</b> (2024) Hygroscopic Behavior of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i> 1–12.","short":"N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering (2024) 1–12.","ama":"Kölli N, Frühwald-König K, Hackel M. Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>. Published online 2024:1-12. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100</a>","van":"Kölli N, Frühwald-König K, Hackel M. Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering. 2024;1–12.","havard":"N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering. (2024) 1–12.","ieee":"N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, and M. Hackel, “Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber,” <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100</a>."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2024-07-27T05:38:16Z","publication_status":"published","title":"Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber","publication":"Wood Material Science & Engineering","_id":"11792","type":"scientific_journal_article","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","date_updated":"2025-06-25T13:03:03Z","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100","external_id":{"isi":["001274838600001"]},"quality_controlled":"1","user_id":"83781","year":"2024","department":[{"_id":"DEP7018"},{"_id":"DEP1309"}],"status":"public","keyword":["Densification","set-recovery","swelling and shrinkage"],"abstract":[{"text":"To facilitate the drying process and enhance the properties of oil palm wood, oil palm boards were mechanically pre-dewatered and thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM) densified. The thickness of the boards was reduced with compression ratios of 40%, 60% and 75%. Since densified wood tends to recover from compression, especially under humid conditions, this study examined the set-recovery and the hygroscopic behavior of THM densified oil palm wood. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC), differential swelling and swelling coefficient, linear swelling and shrinkage as well as the differential swelling anisotropy were determined under climate conditions with different relative humidity (RH) (20°C/35% RH, 20°C/65% RH and 20°C/85% RH). The maximum swelling was measured after water soaking and the remaining set-recovery was evaluated after re-drying at 103°C. The EMC was reduced by the THM process by around 20%. In the direction of compression (thickness), the densified specimens show higher values for all analyzed swelling and shrinkage parameters than the undensified specimens from the equivalent position within the trunk. The maximum swelling in thickness of 22–38% during water soaking is mostly reversed by shrinkage during re-drying and a comparably low remaining set-recovery of 3–8% is measured at oven dry condition.","lang":"eng"}],"page":"1-12"},{"year":"2024","user_id":"26232","department":[{"_id":"DEP7018"},{"_id":"DEP1309"}],"status":"public","keyword":["Flat compression","hydrostatic pressure","mechanical dewatering","water permeability"],"abstract":[{"text":"One obstacle to the industrial processing of oil palm wood is its nearly water-saturated state in green condition and its high tendency to develop cell collapse during kiln drying. This study analyzed mechanical dewatering by flat compression as an alternative pre-drying method for wet oil palm sawn timber. In the process, boards 700 mm long were compressed at ratios of 40% and 60% using a laboratory press, which resulted in water extraction of the free water varying between 38–52% and 60–73%, respectively. Since unperforated press plates were used, the water could only escape over the crosscut and long edges. The extent to which the crosscut and long edges were involved in dewatering was examined, and found to depend on the position of the board in the trunk due to the different water permeability conditions at the different heights. Permeability measurements, therefore, were carried out on cylindrical specimens using a specifically designed testing device. For the analysis of the hydrostatic pressure development in the boards, three pressure transducers were installed at different distances to the crosscut at half board thickness. The analysis of the recovery of compression showed, that the boards recovered to a large extend immediately after compression.","lang":"eng"}],"page":"1-15","type":"scientific_journal_article","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545","date_updated":"2024-11-08T09:39:22Z","quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Wood Material Science & Engineering","_id":"11793","author":[{"id":"74242","last_name":"Kölli","full_name":"Kölli, Nathan","first_name":"Nathan"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1748-0272"],"eissn":["1748-0280"]},"citation":{"van":"Kölli N. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression. Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering. 2024;1–15.","ama":"Kölli N. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>. Published online 2024:1-15. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545</a>","ieee":"N. Kölli, “Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression,” <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, pp. 1–15, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545</a>.","chicago":"Kölli, Nathan. “Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during Flat Compression.” <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, 2024, 1–15. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545</a>.","bjps":"<b>Kölli N</b> (2024) Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during Flat Compression. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i> 1–15.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kölli, Nathan</span>: Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression. In: <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>. London, Taylor &#38; Francis (2024), S. 1–15","havard":"N. Kölli, Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression, Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering. (2024) 1–15.","ufg":"<b>Kölli, Nathan</b>: Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression, in: <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i> (2024),  S. 1–15.","chicago-de":"Kölli, Nathan. 2024. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>: 1–15. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545\">10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545</a>, .","short":"N. Kölli, Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering (2024) 1–15.","mla":"Kölli, Nathan. “Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during Flat Compression.” <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, 2024, pp. 1–15, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545</a>.","apa":"Kölli, N. (2024). Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression. <i>Wood Material Science &#38; Engineering</i>, 1–15. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545\">https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545</a>"},"place":"London","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2024-07-27T05:39:13Z","title":"Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression"}]