---
_id: '11113'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued
laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In
this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel
and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles.
Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with
the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyledons, the strength
in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression
strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel)
or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does
not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6
: 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the
ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance
indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density
performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural
size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower.
The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is
the low stiffness.'
author:
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
- first_name: Lena
full_name: Heister, Lena
id: '71887'
last_name: Heister
citation:
ama: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber
and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material
science and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101-1116. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
apa: Frühwald-König, K., & Heister, L. (2024). Compression properties of glued
laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood.
Wood Material Science and Engineering, 19(5), 1101–1116. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
bjps: Frühwald-König K and Heister L (2024) Compression Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.
Wood material science and engineering 19, 1101–1116.
chicago: 'Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.”
Wood Material Science and Engineering 19, no. 5 (2024): 1101–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.'
chicago-de: 'Frühwald-König, Katja und Lena Heister. 2024. Compression properties
of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil
palm wood. Wood material science and engineering 19, Nr. 5: 1101–1116.
doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja
; Heister, Lena: Compression properties
of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil
palm wood. In: Wood material science and engineering Bd. 19. London, Taylor
& Francis (2024), Nr. 5, S. 1101–1116'
havard: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Compression properties of glued laminated
timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood, Wood Material
Science and Engineering. 19 (2024) 1101–1116.
ieee: 'K. Frühwald-König and L. Heister, “Compression properties of glued laminated
timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,” Wood
material science and engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1101–1116, 2024, doi:
10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.'
mla: Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.” Wood
Material Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1101–16, https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.
short: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Wood Material Science and Engineering 19 (2024)
1101–1116.
ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja/Heister, Lena: Compression properties of glued
laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,
in: Wood material science and engineering 19 (2024), H. 5, S. 1101–1116.'
van: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber
and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material science
and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101–16.
date_created: 2024-02-25T07:30:24Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:41:40Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627
external_id:
isi:
- '001147069800001'
intvolume: ' 19'
isi: '1'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- Oil palm wood
- compression
- tension
- strength
- young’s modulus
- digital image correlation
- glued laminated timber
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1101-1116
place: London
publication: Wood material science and engineering
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1748-0280
issn:
- 1748-0272
publication_status: published
publisher: Taylor & Francis
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of
gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 19
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '11114'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Oil palm wood is mainly low in density and since strength and stiffness correlate
with density, this study aimed to enhance the properties of oil palm wood through
thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densification. In contrast to other studies using
small laboratory-sized specimens, this study examined the densification of oil
palm boards in sawn timber dimensions of 2.0 m length. Modulus of elasticity (MOE)
and modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending, shear strength and shear modulus parallel
by two-plate shear test and Young’s modulus in the three main directions as well
as shear modulus in the three planes by ultrasonic testing were determined at
densified and undensified specimens. The bending properties were increased to
considerably higher levels and a compression ratio of 60% showed higher MOE and
MOR values than that of 40%; whereas for boards of the inner part of the trunk,
a compression ratio of 60% showed better results than that of 75%. The shear properties
were only slightly increased through densification. Densification can improve
the properties of oil palm wood. However, the wide range of density and properties
found in natural oil palm wood is also present in densified oil palm wood.
author:
- first_name: Nathan
full_name: Kölli, Nathan
id: '73742'
last_name: Kölli
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
citation:
ama: Kölli N, Frühwald-König K. Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood material science and engineering
. Published online 2024:1-18. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977
apa: Kölli, N., & Frühwald-König, K. (2024). Elasto-mechanical properties of
thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood Material
Science and Engineering , 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977
bjps: Kölli N and Frühwald-König K (2024) Elasto-Mechanical Properties of
Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber. Wood material
science and engineering 1–18.
chicago: Kölli, Nathan, and Katja Frühwald-König. “Elasto-Mechanical Properties
of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” Wood Material
Science and Engineering , 2024, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977.
chicago-de: 'Kölli, Nathan und Katja Frühwald-König. 2024. Elasto-mechanical properties
of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood material
science and engineering : 1–18. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Kölli, Nathan ; Frühwald-König, Katja: Elasto-mechanical
properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. In:
Wood material science and engineering . London, Taylor & Francis (2024),
S. 1–18'
havard: N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, Wood Material Science and Engineering .
(2024) 1–18.
ieee: 'N. Kölli and K. Frühwald-König, “Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber,” Wood material science and engineering
, pp. 1–18, 2024, doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977.'
mla: Kölli, Nathan, and Katja Frühwald-König. “Elasto-Mechanical Properties of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical
(THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” Wood Material Science and Engineering
, 2024, pp. 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977.
short: N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, Wood Material Science and Engineering (2024)
1–18.
ufg: 'Kölli, Nathan/Frühwald-König, Katja: Elasto-mechanical properties of
thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, in: Wood material
science and engineering (2024), S. 1–18.'
van: Kölli N, Frühwald-König K. Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood material science and engineering .
2024;1–18.
date_created: 2024-02-25T07:32:31Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:42:37Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2317977
external_id:
isi:
- '001170089500001'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Bending strength
- densification
- e-modulus
- g-modulus
- shear strength
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-18
place: London
publication: 'Wood material science and engineering '
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1748-0280
issn:
- 1748-0272
publication_status: published
publisher: Taylor & Francis
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Elasto-mechanical properties of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil
palm sawn timber
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '11792'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: To facilitate the drying process and enhance the properties of oil palm wood,
oil palm boards were mechanically pre-dewatered and thermo-hygro-mechanically
(THM) densified. The thickness of the boards was reduced with compression ratios
of 40%, 60% and 75%. Since densified wood tends to recover from compression, especially
under humid conditions, this study examined the set-recovery and the hygroscopic
behavior of THM densified oil palm wood. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC),
differential swelling and swelling coefficient, linear swelling and shrinkage
as well as the differential swelling anisotropy were determined under climate
conditions with different relative humidity (RH) (20°C/35% RH, 20°C/65% RH and
20°C/85% RH). The maximum swelling was measured after water soaking and the remaining
set-recovery was evaluated after re-drying at 103°C. The EMC was reduced by the
THM process by around 20%. In the direction of compression (thickness), the densified
specimens show higher values for all analyzed swelling and shrinkage parameters
than the undensified specimens from the equivalent position within the trunk.
The maximum swelling in thickness of 22–38% during water soaking is mostly reversed
by shrinkage during re-drying and a comparably low remaining set-recovery of 3–8%
is measured at oven dry condition.
author:
- first_name: Nathan
full_name: Kölli, Nathan
id: '74242'
last_name: Kölli
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Hackel, Martin
id: '79798'
last_name: Hackel
citation:
ama: Kölli N, Frühwald-König K, Hackel M. Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood Material Science & Engineering.
Published online 2024:1-12. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100
apa: Kölli, N., Frühwald-König, K., & Hackel, M. (2024). Hygroscopic behavior
of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood Material
Science & Engineering, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100
bjps: Kölli N, Frühwald-König K and Hackel M (2024) Hygroscopic Behavior
of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber. Wood Material
Science & Engineering 1–12.
chicago: Kölli, Nathan, Katja Frühwald-König, and Martin Hackel. “Hygroscopic Behavior
of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM) Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” Wood Material
Science & Engineering, 2024, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100.
chicago-de: 'Kölli, Nathan, Katja Frühwald-König und Martin Hackel. 2024. Hygroscopic
behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood
Material Science & Engineering: 1–12. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Kölli, Nathan ; Frühwald-König, Katja ; Hackel,
Martin: Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified
oil palm sawn timber. In: Wood Material Science & Engineering. London,
Taylor & Francis (2024), S. 1–12'
havard: N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, Wood Material Science & Engineering.
(2024) 1–12.
ieee: 'N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, and M. Hackel, “Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber,” Wood Material Science & Engineering,
pp. 1–12, 2024, doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100.'
mla: Kölli, Nathan, et al. “Hygroscopic Behavior of Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (THM)
Densified Oil Palm Sawn Timber.” Wood Material Science & Engineering,
2024, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100.
short: N. Kölli, K. Frühwald-König, M. Hackel, Wood Material Science & Engineering
(2024) 1–12.
ufg: 'Kölli, Nathan/Frühwald-König, Katja/Hackel, Martin: Hygroscopic behavior
of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn timber, in: Wood Material
Science & Engineering (2024), S. 1–12.'
van: Kölli N, Frühwald-König K, Hackel M. Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical
(THM) densified oil palm sawn timber. Wood Material Science & Engineering.
2024;1–12.
date_created: 2024-07-27T05:38:16Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T13:03:03Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2381100
external_id:
isi:
- '001274838600001'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Densification
- set-recovery
- swelling and shrinkage
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-12
place: London
publication: Wood Material Science & Engineering
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1748-0280
issn:
- 1748-0272
publication_status: published
publisher: Taylor & Francis
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Hygroscopic behavior of thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM) densified oil palm sawn
timber
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '11793'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: One obstacle to the industrial processing of oil palm wood is its nearly water-saturated
state in green condition and its high tendency to develop cell collapse during
kiln drying. This study analyzed mechanical dewatering by flat compression as
an alternative pre-drying method for wet oil palm sawn timber. In the process,
boards 700 mm long were compressed at ratios of 40% and 60% using a laboratory
press, which resulted in water extraction of the free water varying between 38–52%
and 60–73%, respectively. Since unperforated press plates were used, the water
could only escape over the crosscut and long edges. The extent to which the crosscut
and long edges were involved in dewatering was examined, and found to depend on
the position of the board in the trunk due to the different water permeability
conditions at the different heights. Permeability measurements, therefore, were
carried out on cylindrical specimens using a specifically designed testing device.
For the analysis of the hydrostatic pressure development in the boards, three
pressure transducers were installed at different distances to the crosscut at
half board thickness. The analysis of the recovery of compression showed, that
the boards recovered to a large extend immediately after compression.
author:
- first_name: Nathan
full_name: Kölli, Nathan
id: '74242'
last_name: Kölli
citation:
ama: Kölli N. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression.
Wood Material Science & Engineering. Published online 2024:1-15. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545
apa: Kölli, N. (2024). Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat
compression. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545
bjps: Kölli N (2024) Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during
Flat Compression. Wood Material Science & Engineering 1–15.
chicago: Kölli, Nathan. “Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during
Flat Compression.” Wood Material Science & Engineering, 2024, 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545.
chicago-de: 'Kölli, Nathan. 2024. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber
during flat compression. Wood Material Science & Engineering: 1–15.
doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Kölli, Nathan: Dewatering
behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression. In: Wood Material
Science & Engineering. London, Taylor & Francis (2024), S. 1–15'
havard: N. Kölli, Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression,
Wood Material Science & Engineering. (2024) 1–15.
ieee: 'N. Kölli, “Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression,”
Wood Material Science & Engineering, pp. 1–15, 2024, doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545.'
mla: Kölli, Nathan. “Dewatering Behavior of Wet Oil Palm Sawn Timber during Flat
Compression.” Wood Material Science & Engineering, 2024, pp. 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545.
short: N. Kölli, Wood Material Science & Engineering (2024) 1–15.
ufg: 'Kölli, Nathan: Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during
flat compression, in: Wood Material Science & Engineering (2024),
S. 1–15.'
van: Kölli N. Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression.
Wood Material Science & Engineering. 2024;1–15.
date_created: 2024-07-27T05:39:13Z
date_updated: 2024-11-08T09:39:22Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2355545
keyword:
- Flat compression
- hydrostatic pressure
- mechanical dewatering
- water permeability
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-15
place: London
publication: Wood Material Science & Engineering
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1748-0280
issn:
- 1748-0272
publication_status: published
publisher: Taylor & Francis
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Dewatering behavior of wet oil palm sawn timber during flat compression
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '26232'
year: '2024'
...