--- _id: '12954' abstract: - lang: eng text: Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is a cellulolytic mould with the ability to produce highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes. Two chemotypes are defined according to their ability to produce either atranones or satratoxins. S. chartarum has been well known as the causative agent of the lethal disease stachybotryotoxicosis in horses. Further investigations revealed that this disease is strictly correlated with the presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes. Furthermore, their occurrence in water-damaged buildings has been linked to adverse health effects such as the sick building syndrome. As the chemotypes cannot be characterized via phenotypic criteria, different methods such as PCR, MALDI–TOF MS, LC–MS/MS, thin-layer chromatography and cytotoxicity assays have been used so far. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is commonly used for the differentiation of bacteria and yeasts, but this technique is also applicable to filamentous fungi. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating to which extent a reliable differentiation of S. chartarum chemotypes A and S is possible. Besides, another objective was to verify if the recently introduced third genotype of S. chartarum can be identified. Therefore, 28 strains including the two chemotypes and the third genotype H were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar in three biological replicates. Each sample was applied to FT-IR measurements on day 7, 14 and 21 of cultivation. In this study, we achieved a distinction of the chemotypes A and S via FT-IR spectroscopy after incubation for 7 days on MEA. In terms of genotype differentiation, the PCR detecting satratoxin- and atranone-gene clusters remained the only applicable method. author: - first_name: Julia full_name: Ekruth, Julia last_name: Ekruth - first_name: Christoph full_name: Gottschalk, Christoph last_name: Gottschalk - first_name: Sebastian full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian id: '85847' last_name: Ulrich orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537 - first_name: Manfred full_name: Gareis, Manfred last_name: Gareis - first_name: Karin full_name: Schwaiger, Karin last_name: Schwaiger citation: ama: Ekruth J, Gottschalk C, Ulrich S, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. Mycopathologia. 2021;185(6):993-1004. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0 apa: Ekruth, J., Gottschalk, C., Ulrich, S., Gareis, M., & Schwaiger, K. (2021). Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. Mycopathologia, 185(6), 993–1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0 bjps: Ekruth J et al. (2021) Differentiation of S. Chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. Mycopathologia 185, 993–1004. chicago: 'Ekruth, Julia, Christoph Gottschalk, Sebastian Ulrich, Manfred Gareis, and Karin Schwaiger. “Differentiation of S. Chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy.” Mycopathologia 185, no. 6 (2021): 993–1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0.' chicago-de: 'Ekruth, Julia, Christoph Gottschalk, Sebastian Ulrich, Manfred Gareis und Karin Schwaiger. 2021. Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. Mycopathologia 185, Nr. 6: 993–1004. doi:10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0, .' din1505-2-1: 'Ekruth, Julia ; Gottschalk, Christoph ; Ulrich, Sebastian ; Gareis, Manfred ; Schwaiger, Karin: Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. In: Mycopathologia Bd. 185. Dordrecht, Springer (2021), Nr. 6, S. 993–1004' havard: J. Ekruth, C. Gottschalk, S. Ulrich, M. Gareis, K. Schwaiger, Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy, Mycopathologia. 185 (2021) 993–1004. ieee: 'J. Ekruth, C. Gottschalk, S. Ulrich, M. Gareis, and K. Schwaiger, “Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy,” Mycopathologia, vol. 185, no. 6, pp. 993–1004, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0.' mla: Ekruth, Julia, et al. “Differentiation of S. Chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy.” Mycopathologia, vol. 185, no. 6, 2021, pp. 993–1004, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0. short: J. Ekruth, C. Gottschalk, S. Ulrich, M. Gareis, K. Schwaiger, Mycopathologia 185 (2021) 993–1004. ufg: 'Ekruth, Julia u. a.: Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy, in: Mycopathologia 185 (2021), H. 6,  S. 993–1004.' van: Ekruth J, Gottschalk C, Ulrich S, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. Mycopathologia. 2021;185(6):993–1004. date_created: 2025-06-15T10:00:44Z date_updated: 2025-06-16T13:56:54Z department: - _id: DEP4010 doi: 10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 185' issue: '6' keyword: - Aspergillus nidulans - Fungal biology - Gas chromatography - Pseudomonas fluorescens - Western Blot - Bacillus subtilis language: - iso: eng page: 993-1004 place: Dordrecht publication: Mycopathologia publication_identifier: eissn: - 1573-0832 issn: - 0301-486X publication_status: published publisher: 'Springer ' status: public title: Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy type: scientific_journal_article user_id: '83781' volume: 185 year: '2021' ... --- _id: '12958' abstract: - lang: eng text: Cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes such as satratoxins are produced by chemotype S strains of Stachybotrys chartarum. Diseases such as stachybotryotoxicosis in animals and the sick building syndrome as a multifactorial disease complex in humans have been associated with this mold and its toxins. Less toxic non-chemotype S strains of S. chartarum are morphologically indistinguishable from chemotype S strains, which results in uncertainties in hazard characterization of isolates. To selectively identify macrocyclic trichothecene producing S. chartarum isolates, a set of sat14 gene-specific primers was designed and applied in a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay using neutral red for visual signal detection. The assay was highly specific for S. chartarum strains of the macrocyclic trichothecene producing chemotype and showed no cross-reaction with non-macrocyclic trichothecene producing S. chartarum strains or 152 strains of 131 other fungal species. The assay’s detection limit was 0.635 pg/rxn (picogram per reaction) with a reaction time of 60 min. Its high specificity and sensitivity as well as the cost-saving properties make the new assay an interesting and powerful diagnostic tool for easy and rapid testing. author: - first_name: Johannes full_name: Köck, Johannes last_name: Köck - first_name: Christoph full_name: Gottschalk, Christoph last_name: Gottschalk - first_name: Sebastian full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian id: '85847' last_name: Ulrich orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537 - first_name: Karin full_name: Schwaiger, Karin last_name: Schwaiger - first_name: Manfred full_name: Gareis, Manfred last_name: Gareis - first_name: Ludwig full_name: Niessen, Ludwig last_name: Niessen citation: ama: 'Köck J, Gottschalk C, Ulrich S, Schwaiger K, Gareis M, Niessen L. Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis. 2021;413(19):4801-4813. doi:10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y' apa: 'Köck, J., Gottschalk, C., Ulrich, S., Schwaiger, K., Gareis, M., & Niessen, L. (2021). Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Analusis, 413(19), 4801–4813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y' bjps: 'Köck J et al. (2021) Rapid and Selective Detection of Macrocyclic Trichothecene Producing Stachybotrys Chartarum Strains by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis 413, 4801–4813.' chicago: 'Köck, Johannes, Christoph Gottschalk, Sebastian Ulrich, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis, and Ludwig Niessen. “Rapid and Selective Detection of Macrocyclic Trichothecene Producing Stachybotrys Chartarum Strains by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP).” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Analusis 413, no. 19 (2021): 4801–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y.' chicago-de: 'Köck, Johannes, Christoph Gottschalk, Sebastian Ulrich, Karin Schwaiger, Manfred Gareis und Ludwig Niessen. 2021. Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis 413, Nr. 19: 4801–4813. doi:10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y, .' din1505-2-1: 'Köck, Johannes ; Gottschalk, Christoph ; Ulrich, Sebastian ; Schwaiger, Karin ; Gareis, Manfred ; Niessen, Ludwig: Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). In: Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis Bd. 413. Berlin ; Heidelberg, Springer (2021), Nr. 19, S. 4801–4813' havard: 'J. Köck, C. Gottschalk, S. Ulrich, K. Schwaiger, M. Gareis, L. Niessen, Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Analusis. 413 (2021) 4801–4813.' ieee: 'J. Köck, C. Gottschalk, S. Ulrich, K. Schwaiger, M. Gareis, and L. Niessen, “Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP),” Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis, vol. 413, no. 19, pp. 4801–4813, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y.' mla: 'Köck, Johannes, et al. “Rapid and Selective Detection of Macrocyclic Trichothecene Producing Stachybotrys Chartarum Strains by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP).” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Analusis, vol. 413, no. 19, 2021, pp. 4801–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y.' short: 'J. Köck, C. Gottschalk, S. Ulrich, K. Schwaiger, M. Gareis, L. Niessen, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry : A Merger of Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry and Analusis 413 (2021) 4801–4813.' ufg: 'Köck, Johannes u. a.: Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), in: Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis 413 (2021), H. 19,  S. 4801–4813.' van: 'Köck J, Gottschalk C, Ulrich S, Schwaiger K, Gareis M, Niessen L. Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius’ journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis. 2021;413(19):4801–13.' date_created: 2025-06-15T10:06:17Z date_updated: 2025-06-16T14:17:01Z department: - _id: DEP4010 doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03436-y extern: '1' intvolume: ' 413' issue: '19' keyword: - Aspergillus nidulans - Basidiomycetes - Fungi - Strigolactone - Liquid chromatography - Solid-phase microextraction language: - iso: eng page: 4801-4813 place: Berlin ; Heidelberg publication: 'Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius'' journal of analytical chemistry and Analusis' publication_identifier: eissn: - 1618-2650 issn: - 1618-2642 publication_status: published publisher: 'Springer ' quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Rapid and selective detection of macrocyclic trichothecene producing Stachybotrys chartarum strains by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) type: scientific_journal_article user_id: '83781' volume: 413 year: '2021' ...