---
_id: '11330'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: With the increasing complexity in manual assembly and a demographic decline
    in skilled workforce, the importance of well-documented processes through assembly
    instructions has grown. Creating these instructions is a time-consuming and knowledge-intensive
    task that typically relies on experienced employees. Although various automation
    solutions have been proposed to assist in generating assembly instructions, they
    often fall short in providing detailed textual guidance. With the rise of generative
    artificial intelligence (AI), new potentials arise in this domain. Therefore,
    this paper explores these potentials by employing various large language models
    (LLMs), prompting techniques and input data in an experimental setup for generating
    detailed assembly instructions, including the planning of assembly sequences as
    well as textual guidance on tools, assembly activities, and quality assurance
    measures. The findings reveal promising opportunities in leveraging LLMs but also
    substantial challenges, particularly in assembly sequence planning. To improve
    the reliability of generating assembly instructions, we propose a multi-agent
    concept that decomposes the complex task into simpler subtasks, each managed by
    specialized agents.
author:
- first_name: Frederic
  full_name: Meyer, Frederic
  id: '70963'
  last_name: Meyer
- first_name: Lennart
  full_name: Freitag, Lennart
  id: '73431'
  last_name: Freitag
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Hinrichsen, Sven
  id: '49010'
  last_name: Hinrichsen
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Niggemann, Oliver
  id: '10876'
  last_name: Niggemann
citation:
  ama: Meyer F, Freitag L, Hinrichsen S, Niggemann O. <i>Potentials of Large Language
    Models for Generating Assembly Instructions</i>. Vol 78. (IEEE, ed.). IEEE; 2024.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806">https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806</a>
  apa: Meyer, F., Freitag, L., Hinrichsen, S., &#38; Niggemann, O. (2024). Potentials
    of Large Language Models for Generating Assembly Instructions. In IEEE (Ed.),
    <i>2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory
    Automation (ETFA)</i> (Vol. 78). IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806">https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806</a>
  bjps: '<b>Meyer F <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) <i>Potentials of Large Language Models
    for Generating Assembly Instructions</i>, IEEE (ed.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Meyer, Frederic, Lennart Freitag, Sven Hinrichsen, and Oliver Niggemann.
    <i>Potentials of Large Language Models for Generating Assembly Instructions</i>.
    Edited by IEEE. <i>2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies
    and Factory Automation (ETFA)</i>. Vol. 78. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806">https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Meyer, Frederic, Lennart Freitag, Sven Hinrichsen und Oliver Niggemann.
    2024. <i>Potentials of Large Language Models for Generating Assembly Instructions</i>.
    Hg. von IEEE. <i>2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies
    and Factory Automation (ETFA)</i>. Bd. 78. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806">https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Meyer, Frederic</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Freitag, Lennart</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hinrichsen,
    Sven</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Niggemann, Oliver</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">IEEE</span> (Hrsg.): <i>Potentials of
    Large Language Models for Generating Assembly Instructions</i>. Bd. 78. Piscataway,
    NJ : IEEE, 2024'
  havard: F. Meyer, L. Freitag, S. Hinrichsen, O. Niggemann, Potentials of Large Language
    Models for Generating Assembly Instructions, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2024.
  ieee: 'F. Meyer, L. Freitag, S. Hinrichsen, and O. Niggemann, <i>Potentials of Large
    Language Models for Generating Assembly Instructions</i>, vol. 78. Piscataway,
    NJ: IEEE, 2024. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806">https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806</a>.'
  mla: Meyer, Frederic, et al. “Potentials of Large Language Models for Generating
    Assembly Instructions.” <i>2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging
    Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)</i>, edited by IEEE, vol. 78, IEEE,
    2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806">https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806</a>.
  short: F. Meyer, L. Freitag, S. Hinrichsen, O. Niggemann, Potentials of Large Language
    Models for Generating Assembly Instructions, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2024.
  ufg: '<b>Meyer, Frederic u. a.</b>: Potentials of Large Language Models for Generating
    Assembly Instructions, Bd. 78, hg. von IEEE, Piscataway, NJ 2024.'
  van: 'Meyer F, Freitag L, Hinrichsen S, Niggemann O. Potentials of Large Language
    Models for Generating Assembly Instructions. IEEE, editor. Vol. 78, 2024 IEEE
    29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation
    (ETFA). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-09-13
  location: Padova, Italy
  name: 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation
    (ETFA)
  start_date: 2024-09-10
corporate_editor:
- IEEE
date_created: 2024-04-12T07:06:41Z
date_updated: 2024-10-22T07:28:35Z
department:
- _id: DEP7020
- _id: DEP1305
doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA61755.2024.10710806
intvolume: '        78'
keyword:
- assembly instruction
- GPT
- large language model
- LLM
- prompt
language:
- iso: eng
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: 2024 IEEE 29th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and
  Factory Automation (ETFA)
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 979-8-3503-6122-3
  isbn:
  - 979-8-3503-6123-0
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Potentials of Large Language Models for Generating Assembly Instructions
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 78
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '10782'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: With the trend towards shorter product lifecycles, smaller batch sizes, and
    more product variants, the complexity of manual assembly activities is increasing.
    To support employees in carrying out complex assembly tasks, the use of assembly
    instructions is indispensable to ensure high process capability and work productivity.
    However, the creation of assembly instructions is often time-consuming. Thus,
    the use of automation approaches can be a way to simplify the creation of assembly
    instructions. Therefore, this paper introduces a promising automation concept
    for applying robotic process automation (RPA) to generate assembly instructions
    automatically. Finally, the automation concept is demonstrated in a practical
    use case that illustrates the associated automation potential of RPA.
author:
- first_name: Frederic
  full_name: Meyer, Frederic
  id: '71656'
  last_name: Meyer
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Hinrichsen, Sven
  id: '49010'
  last_name: Hinrichsen
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Niggemann, Oliver
  id: '10876'
  last_name: Niggemann
citation:
  ama: Meyer F, Hinrichsen S, Niggemann O. <i>How to Generate Assembly Instructions
    with Robotic Process Automation</i>. Vol 111. AHFE International; 2023:629-638.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070">10.54941/ahfe1004070</a>
  apa: 'Meyer, F., Hinrichsen, S., &#38; Niggemann, O. (2023). How to Generate Assembly
    Instructions with Robotic Process Automation. In <i>Human Interaction &#38; Emerging
    Technologies (IHIET 2023): Artificial Intelligence &#38; Future Applications</i>
    (Vol. 111, pp. 629–638). AHFE International. <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070">https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070</a>'
  bjps: <b>Meyer F, Hinrichsen S and Niggemann O</b> (2023) <i>How to Generate Assembly
    Instructions with Robotic Process Automation</i>. AHFE International.
  chicago: 'Meyer, Frederic, Sven Hinrichsen, and Oliver Niggemann. <i>How to Generate
    Assembly Instructions with Robotic Process Automation</i>. <i>Human Interaction
    &#38; Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023): Artificial Intelligence &#38; Future
    Applications</i>. Vol. 111. Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET
    2023). AHFE International, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070">https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Meyer, Frederic, Sven Hinrichsen und Oliver Niggemann. 2023. <i>How
    to Generate Assembly Instructions with Robotic Process Automation</i>. <i>Human
    Interaction &#38; Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023): Artificial Intelligence
    &#38; Future Applications</i>. Bd. 111. Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies
    (IHIET 2023). AHFE International. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070">10.54941/ahfe1004070</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Meyer, Frederic</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hinrichsen, Sven</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Niggemann,
    Oliver</span>: <i>How to Generate Assembly Instructions with Robotic Process Automation</i>,
    <i>Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023)</i>. Bd. 111 : AHFE
    International, 2023'
  havard: F. Meyer, S. Hinrichsen, O. Niggemann, How to Generate Assembly Instructions
    with Robotic Process Automation, AHFE International, 2023.
  ieee: 'F. Meyer, S. Hinrichsen, and O. Niggemann, <i>How to Generate Assembly Instructions
    with Robotic Process Automation</i>, vol. 111. AHFE International, 2023, pp. 629–638.
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070">10.54941/ahfe1004070</a>.'
  mla: 'Meyer, Frederic, et al. “How to Generate Assembly Instructions with Robotic
    Process Automation.” <i>Human Interaction &#38; Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023):
    Artificial Intelligence &#38; Future Applications</i>, vol. 111, AHFE International,
    2023, pp. 629–38, <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070">https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004070</a>.'
  short: F. Meyer, S. Hinrichsen, O. Niggemann, How to Generate Assembly Instructions
    with Robotic Process Automation, AHFE International, 2023.
  ufg: '<b>Meyer, Frederic/Hinrichsen, Sven/Niggemann, Oliver</b>: How to Generate
    Assembly Instructions with Robotic Process Automation, Bd. 111, o. O. 2023 (Human
    Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023)).'
  van: 'Meyer F, Hinrichsen S, Niggemann O. How to Generate Assembly Instructions
    with Robotic Process Automation. Human Interaction &#38; Emerging Technologies
    (IHIET 2023): Artificial Intelligence &#38; Future Applications. AHFE International;
    2023. (Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023); vol. 111).'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-08-24
  location: NIzza
  name: IHIET 2023
  start_date: 2023-08-22
date_created: 2023-11-16T11:57:57Z
date_updated: 2023-11-16T11:58:05Z
department:
- _id: DEP7020
- _id: DEP1305
doi: 10.54941/ahfe1004070
intvolume: '       111'
keyword:
- Digital Assembly Instruction
- Industrial Engineering
- Manual Assembly
- Robotic Process Automation
- RPA
- Work Instruction
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 629-638
publication: 'Human Interaction & Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023): Artificial Intelligence
  & Future Applications'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2771-0718
publication_status: published
publisher: AHFE International
quality_controlled: '1'
series_title: Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023)
status: public
title: How to Generate Assembly Instructions with Robotic Process Automation
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83780'
volume: 111
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '7739'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Employees in mixed-model assembly perform much informational work by constantly
    making decisions about the part to be assembled, the tool to be used or the working
    method to be applied. The proportion of informational work in manual assembly
    is likely to increase, since more and more products are configured according to
    customer demands and additional functions are integrated. Whereas assembly has
    so far been understood primarily as energetic work, the informational aspects
    of assembly work will have to be considered to a greater extent in the future.
    Assembly system design is thus more and more a domain of cognitive ergonomics,
    whereas in the past the focus was on biomechanical aspects. Taking this into consideration,
    the design of assembly instructions in line with individual requirements is becoming
    increasingly important. This article therefore discusses important design principles
    of such instructions.
author:
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Hinrichsen, Sven
  id: '49010'
  last_name: Hinrichsen
- first_name: Dominic
  full_name: Bläsing, Dominic
  last_name: Bläsing
citation:
  ama: Hinrichsen S, Bläsing D. <i>How to Design Assembly Instructions</i>. Vol 23.
    (Ahram T, Taiar R, eds.). AHFE Open Access; 2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838">10.54941/ahfe100838</a>
  apa: 'Hinrichsen, S., &#38; Bläsing, D. (2022). How to Design Assembly Instructions.
    In T. Ahram &#38; R. Taiar (Eds.), <i>Human Interaction &#38; Emerging Technologies
    (IHIET-AI 2022): Artificial Intelligence &#38; Future Applications </i> (Vol.
    23). AHFE Open Access. <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838">https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838</a>'
  bjps: <b>Hinrichsen S and Bläsing D</b> (2022) <i>How to Design Assembly Instructions</i>,
    Ahram T and Taiar R (eds). AHFE Open Access.
  chicago: 'Hinrichsen, Sven, and Dominic Bläsing. <i>How to Design Assembly Instructions</i>.
    Edited by Tareq  Ahram and Redha  Taiar. <i>Human Interaction &#38; Emerging Technologies
    (IHIET-AI 2022): Artificial Intelligence &#38; Future Applications </i>. Vol.
    23. AHFE International. AHFE Open Access, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838">https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Hinrichsen, Sven und Dominic Bläsing. 2022. <i>How to Design Assembly
    Instructions</i>. Hg. von Tareq  Ahram und Redha  Taiar. <i>Human Interaction
    &#38; Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2022): Artificial Intelligence &#38; Future
    Applications </i>. Bd. 23. AHFE International. AHFE Open Access. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838">10.54941/ahfe100838</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hinrichsen, Sven</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bläsing, Dominic</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ahram,
    T.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Taiar, R.</span> (Hrsg.): <i>How
    to Design Assembly Instructions</i>, <i>AHFE International</i>. Bd. 23 : AHFE
    Open Access, 2022'
  havard: S. Hinrichsen, D. Bläsing, How to Design Assembly Instructions, AHFE Open
    Access, 2022.
  ieee: 'S. Hinrichsen and D. Bläsing, <i>How to Design Assembly Instructions</i>,
    vol. 23. AHFE Open Access, 2022. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838">10.54941/ahfe100838</a>.'
  mla: 'Hinrichsen, Sven, and Dominic Bläsing. “How to Design Assembly Instructions.”
    <i>Human Interaction &#38; Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2022): Artificial Intelligence
    &#38; Future Applications </i>, edited by Tareq  Ahram and Redha  Taiar, vol.
    23, AHFE Open Access, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838">https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100838</a>.'
  short: S. Hinrichsen, D. Bläsing, How to Design Assembly Instructions, AHFE Open
    Access, 2022.
  ufg: '<b>Hinrichsen, Sven/Bläsing, Dominic</b>: How to Design Assembly Instructions,
    Bd. 23, hg. von Ahram, Tareq/Taiar, Redha, o. O. 2022 (AHFE International).'
  van: 'Hinrichsen S, Bläsing D. How to Design Assembly Instructions. Ahram T, Taiar
    R, editors. Human Interaction &#38; Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2022): Artificial
    Intelligence &#38; Future Applications . AHFE Open Access; 2022. (AHFE International;
    vol. 23).'
conference:
  end_date: 2022-04-23
  location: Lausanne
  name: '7th International Conference on Human Interaction & Emerging Technologies
    (IHIET-AI 2022): Artificial Intelligence & Future Applications'
  start_date: 2022-04-21
date_created: 2022-04-22T14:05:18Z
date_updated: 2024-08-08T14:01:39Z
department:
- _id: DEP7020
- _id: DEP1305
doi: 10.54941/ahfe100838
editor:
- first_name: 'Tareq '
  full_name: 'Ahram, Tareq '
  last_name: Ahram
- first_name: 'Redha '
  full_name: 'Taiar, Redha '
  last_name: Taiar
intvolume: '        23'
keyword:
- Assembly Instruction
- Compatibility
- Assistance System Manual Assembly
- Information Management
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
publication: 'Human Interaction & Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2022): Artificial
  Intelligence & Future Applications '
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 978-1-7923-8989-4
publication_status: published
publisher: AHFE Open Access
quality_controlled: '1'
series_title: AHFE International
status: public
title: How to Design Assembly Instructions
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 23
year: '2022'
...