---
_id: '13020'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Developing AI systems for automatic train operation (ATO) requires developers
    to have a deep understanding of the human tasks they are trying to replace. This
    paper fills this gap and translates the regulatory requirements from the context
    of German railways for the AI developer community. As a result, tasks such as
    train’s path monitoring for collision prediction, signal detection, door operation,
    etc. are identified. Based on this analysis, a functionally justified sensor setup
    with detailed configuration requirements is presented. This setup was also evaluated
    by a survey within the railway industry. The evaluated sensors include RGB/IR
    cameras, LIDARs, radars and ultrasonic sensors. Calculations and estimates for
    the evaluated sensors are presented graphically and included in this paper. However,
    the ultimate sensor setup is still a subject of research. The results of this
    paper also address the lack of training and test datasets for railway AI systems.
    It is proposed to acquire research datasets that will allow the training of domain
    adaptation algorithms to transform other datasets, thus increasing the number
    of available datasets. The sensor setup is also recommended for such research
    datasets.
article_number: '22'
author:
- first_name: Rustam
  full_name: Tagiew, Rustam
  last_name: Tagiew
- first_name: Dirk
  full_name: Leinhos, Dirk
  last_name: Leinhos
- first_name: Henrik
  full_name: von der Haar, Henrik
  last_name: von der Haar
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Klotz, Christian
  last_name: Klotz
- first_name: Dennis
  full_name: Sprute, Dennis
  last_name: Sprute
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Ziehn, Jens
  last_name: Ziehn
- first_name: Andreas
  full_name: Schmelter, Andreas
  id: '10982'
  last_name: Schmelter
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Witte, Stefan
  id: '1605'
  last_name: Witte
- first_name: Pavel
  full_name: Klasek, Pavel
  last_name: Klasek
citation:
  ama: Tagiew R, Leinhos D, von der Haar H, et al. Sensor system for development of
    perception systems for ATO. <i>Discover Artificial Intelligence</i>. 2023;3(1).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4">10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4</a>
  apa: Tagiew, R., Leinhos, D., von der Haar, H., Klotz, C., Sprute, D., Ziehn, J.,
    Schmelter, A., Witte, S., &#38; Klasek, P. (2023). Sensor system for development
    of perception systems for ATO. <i>Discover Artificial Intelligence</i>, <i>3</i>(1),
    Article 22. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4</a>
  bjps: <b>Tagiew R <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Sensor System for Development of Perception
    Systems for ATO. <i>Discover Artificial Intelligence</i> <b>3</b>.
  chicago: Tagiew, Rustam, Dirk Leinhos, Henrik von der Haar, Christian Klotz, Dennis
    Sprute, Jens Ziehn, Andreas Schmelter, Stefan Witte, and Pavel Klasek. “Sensor
    System for Development of Perception Systems for ATO.” <i>Discover Artificial
    Intelligence</i> 3, no. 1 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4</a>.
  chicago-de: Tagiew, Rustam, Dirk Leinhos, Henrik von der Haar, Christian Klotz,
    Dennis Sprute, Jens Ziehn, Andreas Schmelter, Stefan Witte und Pavel Klasek. 2023.
    Sensor system for development of perception systems for ATO. <i>Discover Artificial
    Intelligence</i> 3, Nr. 1. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4">10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tagiew,
    Rustam</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Leinhos, Dirk</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">von der Haar, Henrik</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Klotz,
    Christian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Sprute, Dennis</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ziehn, Jens</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schmelter,
    Andreas</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Witte, Stefan</span> ;
    u. a.</span>: Sensor system for development of perception systems for ATO. In:
    <i>Discover Artificial Intelligence</i> Bd. 3. [Cham] , Springer International
    Publishing  (2023), Nr. 1'
  havard: R. Tagiew, D. Leinhos, H. von der Haar, C. Klotz, D. Sprute, J. Ziehn, A.
    Schmelter, S. Witte, P. Klasek, Sensor system for development of perception systems
    for ATO, Discover Artificial Intelligence. 3 (2023).
  ieee: 'R. Tagiew <i>et al.</i>, “Sensor system for development of perception systems
    for ATO,” <i>Discover Artificial Intelligence</i>, vol. 3, no. 1, Art. no. 22,
    2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4">10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4</a>.'
  mla: Tagiew, Rustam, et al. “Sensor System for Development of Perception Systems
    for ATO.” <i>Discover Artificial Intelligence</i>, vol. 3, no. 1, 22, 2023, <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4</a>.
  short: R. Tagiew, D. Leinhos, H. von der Haar, C. Klotz, D. Sprute, J. Ziehn, A.
    Schmelter, S. Witte, P. Klasek, Discover Artificial Intelligence 3 (2023).
  ufg: '<b>Tagiew, Rustam u. a.</b>: Sensor system for development of perception systems
    for ATO, in: <i>Discover Artificial Intelligence</i> 3 (2023), H. 1.'
  van: Tagiew R, Leinhos D, von der Haar H, Klotz C, Sprute D, Ziehn J, et al. Sensor
    system for development of perception systems for ATO. Discover Artificial Intelligence.
    2023;3(1).
date_created: 2025-06-24T13:47:12Z
date_updated: 2025-06-24T13:51:24Z
department:
- _id: DEP5000
- _id: DEP5023
doi: 10.1007/s44163-023-00066-4
intvolume: '         3'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Automatic train operation
- ATO
- GoA3
- GoA4
- Perception
- AI
language:
- iso: eng
place: '[Cham] '
publication: Discover Artificial Intelligence
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2731-0809
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Springer International Publishing '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Sensor system for development of perception systems for ATO
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 3
year: '2023'
...