---
_id: '13894'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Business-to-X (B2X, "X" for business, customer, etc.) mobile applications
    ("apps") show various mobile-specific chances and challenges that must be ad-dressed
    in the whole development process. Knowledge about mobile app devel-opment models''
    usage remains restricted, although various process models for B2X app development
    have been published already. This article first reviewed available process models
    for mobile app development. In addition, 28 expert in-terviews with various stakeholders
    involved in typical B2X mobile app develop-ment processes were conducted to examine
    this research-practice knowledge di-vide. Since hybrid process models are often
    advantageous for B2X mobile app development, technical backgrounds or communication
    processes, are also cru-cial. Since no process model can be used unadopted, this
    study theorizes mobile-specific characteristics and challenges of app development
    process models to a reference model generally valuable for management decision
    support. The find-ings create avenues for better theorizing toward successful
    B2X mobile app de-velopment. '
author:
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Werth, Oliver
  last_name: Werth
- first_name: Nadine
  full_name: Guhr, Nadine
  id: '77748'
  last_name: Guhr
  orcid: 0000-0001-8812-1488
- first_name: Michael H.
  full_name: Breitner, Michael H.
  last_name: Breitner
citation:
  ama: Werth O, Guhr N, Breitner MH. Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development –
    A Reference Model. Published online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511</a>
  apa: Werth, O., Guhr, N., &#38; Breitner, M. H. (2026). <i>Holistic B2X Mobile Application
    Development – A Reference Model</i>. arXiv. <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511</a>
  bjps: <b>Werth O, Guhr N and Breitner MH</b> (2026) Holistic B2X Mobile Application
    Development – A Reference Model.
  chicago: Werth, Oliver, Nadine Guhr, and Michael H. Breitner. “Holistic B2X Mobile
    Application Development – A Reference Model.” arXiv, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511</a>.
  chicago-de: Werth, Oliver, Nadine Guhr und Michael H. Breitner. 2026. Holistic B2X
    Mobile Application Development – A Reference Model. arXiv. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Werth, Oliver</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Guhr, Nadine</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Breitner,
    Michael H.</span>: Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development – A Reference Model,
    arXiv (2026)'
  havard: O. Werth, N. Guhr, M.H. Breitner, Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development
    – A Reference Model, (2026).
  ieee: 'O. Werth, N. Guhr, and M. H. Breitner, “Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development
    – A Reference Model.” arXiv, 2026. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511</a>.'
  mla: Werth, Oliver, et al. <i>Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development – A Reference
    Model</i>. arXiv, 2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511</a>.
  short: O. Werth, N. Guhr, M.H. Breitner, (2026).
  ufg: '<b>Werth, Oliver/Guhr, Nadine/Breitner, Michael H.</b>: Holistic B2X Mobile
    Application Development – A Reference Model, o. O. 2026.'
  van: Werth O, Guhr N, Breitner MH. Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development –
    A Reference Model. arXiv; 2026.
date_created: 2026-08-05T08:07:38Z
date_updated: 2026-08-07T09:50:41Z
department:
- _id: DEP1523
doi: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2607.07511
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - arXiv:2607.07511
keyword:
- B2X mobile applications
- Development support
- Expert interviews
- Process models
- Reference model
language:
- iso: eng
page: '24'
publication_status: published
publisher: arXiv
status: public
title: Holistic B2X Mobile Application Development – A Reference Model
type: preprint
user_id: '83781'
year: '2026'
...