[{"series_title":"Electrical contacts","publication":"Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","_id":"13433","author":[{"first_name":"Michael","id":"49095","last_name":"Blauth","full_name":"Blauth, Michael"},{"last_name":"Tülling","id":"71422","full_name":"Tülling, Sören","first_name":"Sören"},{"full_name":"Song, Jian","id":"5297","last_name":"Song","first_name":"Jian"}],"publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["979-8-3315-5996-0"],"issn":["2158-9992"],"isbn":["979-8-3315-5997-7"]},"citation":{"bjps":"<b>Blauth M, Tülling S and Song J</b> (2025) <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>, ieee-holm (ed.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Blauth, Michael</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tülling, Sören</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">ieee-holm</span> (Hrsg.): <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>, <i>Electrical contacts</i>. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2025","chicago":"Blauth, Michael, Sören Tülling, and Jian Song. <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>. Edited by ieee-holm. <i>Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>. Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329\">https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>.","ieee":"M. Blauth, S. Tülling, and J. Song, <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2025. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329\">10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>.","ama":"Blauth M, Tülling S, Song J. <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>. (ieee-holm, ed.). IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329\">10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>","van":"Blauth M, Tülling S, Song J. Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts. ieee-holm, editor. Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2025. (Electrical contacts).","short":"M. Blauth, S. Tülling, J. Song, Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2025.","apa":"Blauth, M., Tülling, S., &#38; Song, J. (2025). Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts. In ieee-holm (Ed.), <i>Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>. IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329\">https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>","mla":"Blauth, Michael, et al. “Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts.” <i>Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>, edited by ieee-holm, IEEE, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329\">https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>.","ufg":"<b>Blauth, Michael/Tülling, Sören/Song, Jian</b>: Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts, hg. von ieee-holm, Piscataway, NJ 2025 (Electrical contacts).","chicago-de":"Blauth, Michael, Sören Tülling und Jian Song. 2025. <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>. Hg. von ieee-holm. <i>Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>. Electrical contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329\">10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>, .","havard":"M. Blauth, S. Tülling, J. Song, Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2025."},"place":"Piscataway, NJ","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2026-02-24T14:48:06Z","title":"Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts","user_id":"83778","year":"2025","corporate_editor":["ieee-holm"],"department":[{"_id":"DEP6000"},{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"status":"public","keyword":["Connectors","Resistance","Silver","Lubricants","Contacts","Oils","Friction","Corrosion","Optimization"],"abstract":[{"text":"The use of lubricants on electrical connector contacts is essential for certain applications in order to reduce mating forces, minimize wear, and mitigate fretting corrosion. However, increasing performance requirements (e.g., operation at elevated temperatures) and regulatory restrictions are prompting a reassessment of lubricant selection. In this study, the influence of three lubricants (one oil and two greases), operating temperature (room temperature and 130°C), and applied volume (low, medium and high volume) on electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction (CoF) is investigated by means of fretting wear tests on silver-plated contacts. The results show that unlubricated silver contacts exhibit a longer stable phase at 130 °C than at room temperature. For lubricated contacts, service life is influenced by both temperature and lubricant volume. Certain lubricants demonstrate earlier fail at room temperature than at elevated temperatures. The findings highlight the importance of careful selection and optimization of lubricants for electrical connectors under varying environmental conditions.","lang":"eng"}],"conference":{"name":"70th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)","start_date":"2025-10-15","end_date":"2025-10-22","location":"San Antonio, TX, USA "},"type":"conference_editor_article","publisher":"IEEE","date_updated":"2026-02-27T11:06:57Z","doi":"10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329"},{"doi":"10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299","date_updated":"2025-06-26T07:54:13Z","publisher":"IEEE","type":"conference_editor_article","page":"88 - 94","conference":{"location":"Seattle ","start_date":"2023-10-04","end_date":"2023-10-11","name":"68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)"},"abstract":[{"text":"The reliability and lifetime of electrical contacts is an important aspect in system reliability and is influenced by numerous factors. Micro motions as well as vibrations lead to fretting wear, which can result in wear through of the protective coating. If this layer is worn through, the non-noble layer underneath is exposed, resulting in the occurrence of fretting corrosion with further relative motion. This leads to an increased electrical contact resistance (ECR) and can cause the contact to fail. Increasing the hardness of the coating material can reduce the wear and in turn increase contacts’ lifetime. The micro hardness, wear and lifetime of contacts with modified hard silver coatings are investigated in fretting wear and corrosion tests and the results compared to a conventional silver coating. Since one of the modifications shows a significant reduction in wear and hence improvement in lifetime, further analysis with SEM and FIB is conducted in order to identify the key mechanisms leading to this improvement. With a further increase in lifetime however, fatigue as well as delamination of the coating are revealed to be of high relevance. Both can be main causes of electrical contact failure under fretting load. In general, at lower number of cycles, increased micro hardness has the greatest effect on lifetime and wear while at the higher number of cycles, fatigue is observed to be the dominant failure mechanism.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["electrical contacts","lifetime","silver coating","fretting corrosion","fatigue","wear through"],"status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"user_id":"83781","year":"2023","title":"Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2024-04-18T10:05:51Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"ama":"Probst R, Song J. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. IEEE; 2023:88-94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299\">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>","van":"Probst R, Song J. Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests. 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM). [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE; 2023. (Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts).","havard":"R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2023.","ieee":"R. Probst and J. Song, <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE, 2023, pp. 88–94. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299\">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.","ufg":"<b>Probst, Roman/Song, Jian</b>: Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, [Piscataway, NJ] 2023 (Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts).","chicago":"Probst, Roman, and Jian Song. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>. Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299\">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.","chicago-de":"Probst, Roman und Jian Song. 2023. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>. Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299\">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Probst R and Song J</b> (2023) <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE.","short":"R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2023.","mla":"Probst, Roman, and Jian Song. “Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests.” <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>, IEEE, 2023, pp. 88–94, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299\">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.","apa":"Probst, R., &#38; Song, J. (2023). Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests. In <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i> (pp. 88–94). IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299\">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Probst, Roman</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span>: <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>, <i>Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts</i>. [Piscataway, NJ] : IEEE, 2023"},"place":"[Piscataway, NJ]","publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["979‐8‐3503‐4246‐8 ","979‐8‐3503‐4245‐1"],"issn":["2158‐9992"],"isbn":["979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4"]},"author":[{"full_name":"Probst, Roman","id":"69156","last_name":"Probst","first_name":"Roman"},{"first_name":"Jian","last_name":"Song","id":"5297","full_name":"Song, Jian"}],"_id":"11359","publication":"2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)","series_title":"Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts"},{"page":"124","abstract":[{"text":"The development of autonomous vehicles and the integration of new information and communication technologies are making the reliability of electrical systems and components in modern vehicles increasingly important. Electrical connectors are a crucial component in an electrical on-board system. They are exposed to a wide variety of influences by the environment and operating conditions. Thus, the degradation of electrical connectors can occur. Material and surface analysis methods are the tools used to analyze the degradation mechanisms in connectors after lifetime tests, as well as in field operations. Within the framework of this study, a wide variety of methods from the analytical scope are presented and discussed. The connector surfaces degraded by different failure mechanisms are analyzed using various material and surface analysis methods. The quality and the nature of the analyses results obtained from various analysis methods are compared. Also, this study deals with the benefits and limitations, as well as the effort and the specific challenges of different material and surface analytical methods for the evaluation of failure mechanisms from the point of view of a material and surface analyst.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["electrical connector","failure modes","wear","fretting corrosion","analysis","material","method"],"status":"public","department":[{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"year":"2022","user_id":"83781","date_updated":"2024-08-05T07:19:56Z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124","issue":"6","publisher":"MDPI","type":"scientific_journal_article","_id":"9204","publication":"Technologies : open access journal","title":"Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors","publication_status":"published","volume":10,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2022-12-11T12:35:54Z","citation":{"chicago":"Kolmer, Philipp, Abhay Rammurti Shukla, and Jian Song. “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors.” <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i> 10, no. 6 (2022): 124. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kolmer, Philipp</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Shukla, Abhay Rammurti</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span>: Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. In: <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> Bd. 10. Basel, MDPI (2022), Nr. 6, S. 124","bjps":"<b>Kolmer P, Shukla AR and Song J</b> (2022) Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> <b>10</b>, 124.","van":"Kolmer P, Shukla AR, Song J. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. Technologies : open access journal. 2022;10(6):124.","ama":"Kolmer P, Shukla AR, Song J. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : open access journal</i>. 2022;10(6):124. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>","ieee":"P. Kolmer, A. R. Shukla, and J. Song, “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors,” <i>Technologies : open access journal</i>, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 124, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.","chicago-de":"Kolmer, Philipp, Abhay Rammurti Shukla und Jian Song. 2022. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> 10, Nr. 6: 124. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>, .","ufg":"<b>Kolmer, Philipp/Shukla, Abhay Rammurti/Song, Jian</b>: Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors, in: <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> 10 (2022), H. 6,  S. 124.","mla":"Kolmer, Philipp, et al. “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors.” <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i>, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022, p. 124, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.","apa":"Kolmer, P., Shukla, A. R., &#38; Song, J. (2022). Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i>, <i>10</i>(6), 124. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>","short":"P. Kolmer, A.R. Shukla, J. Song, Technologies : Open Access Journal 10 (2022) 124.","havard":"P. Kolmer, A.R. Shukla, J. Song, Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors, Technologies : Open Access Journal. 10 (2022) 124."},"place":"Basel","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2227-7080 "]},"ddc":["600"],"author":[{"first_name":"Philipp","full_name":"Kolmer, Philipp","last_name":"Kolmer"},{"last_name":"Shukla","id":"72757","full_name":"Shukla, Abhay Rammurti","first_name":"Abhay Rammurti"},{"full_name":"Song, Jian","id":"5297","last_name":"Song","first_name":"Jian"}],"intvolume":"        10"}]