---
_id: '13433'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The use of lubricants on electrical connector contacts is essential for certain
    applications in order to reduce mating forces, minimize wear, and mitigate fretting
    corrosion. However, increasing performance requirements (e.g., operation at elevated
    temperatures) and regulatory restrictions are prompting a reassessment of lubricant
    selection. In this study, the influence of three lubricants (one oil and two greases),
    operating temperature (room temperature and 130°C), and applied volume (low, medium
    and high volume) on electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction
    (CoF) is investigated by means of fretting wear tests on silver-plated contacts.
    The results show that unlubricated silver contacts exhibit a longer stable phase
    at 130 °C than at room temperature. For lubricated contacts, service life is influenced
    by both temperature and lubricant volume. Certain lubricants demonstrate earlier
    fail at room temperature than at elevated temperatures. The findings highlight
    the importance of careful selection and optimization of lubricants for electrical
    connectors under varying environmental conditions.
author:
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Blauth, Michael
  id: '49095'
  last_name: Blauth
- first_name: Sören
  full_name: Tülling, Sören
  id: '71422'
  last_name: Tülling
- first_name: Jian
  full_name: Song, Jian
  id: '5297'
  last_name: Song
citation:
  ama: Blauth M, Tülling S, Song J. <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
    Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>.
    (ieee-holm, ed.). IEEE; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329">10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>
  apa: Blauth, M., Tülling, S., &#38; Song, J. (2025). Effect of Operating Temperature
    and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated
    Electrical Contacts. In ieee-holm (Ed.), <i>Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm
    Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>. IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329">https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>
  bjps: '<b>Blauth M, Tülling S and Song J</b> (2025) <i>Effect of Operating Temperature
    and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated
    Electrical Contacts</i>, ieee-holm (ed.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Blauth, Michael, Sören Tülling, and Jian Song. <i>Effect of Operating
    Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of
    Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>. Edited by ieee-holm. <i>Proceedings of
    the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>. Electrical Contacts.
    Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329">https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Blauth, Michael, Sören Tülling und Jian Song. 2025. <i>Effect of Operating
    Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of
    Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>. Hg. von ieee-holm. <i>Proceedings of the
    70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>. Electrical contacts.
    Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329">10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blauth, Michael</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tülling, Sören</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Song,
    Jian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ieee-holm</span> (Hrsg.):
    <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the
    Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts</i>, <i>Electrical contacts</i>.
    Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2025'
  havard: M. Blauth, S. Tülling, J. Song, Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
    Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts,
    IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2025.
  ieee: 'M. Blauth, S. Tülling, and J. Song, <i>Effect of Operating Temperature and
    Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical
    Contacts</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2025. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329">10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>.'
  mla: Blauth, Michael, et al. “Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity
    of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts.”
    <i>Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)</i>,
    edited by ieee-holm, IEEE, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329">https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329</a>.
  short: M. Blauth, S. Tülling, J. Song, Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
    Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts,
    IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2025.
  ufg: '<b>Blauth, Michael/Tülling, Sören/Song, Jian</b>: Effect of Operating Temperature
    and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated
    Electrical Contacts, hg. von ieee-holm, Piscataway, NJ 2025 (Electrical contacts).'
  van: 'Blauth M, Tülling S, Song J. Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
    Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts.
    ieee-holm, editor. Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical
    Contacts (HLM). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2025. (Electrical contacts).'
conference:
  end_date: 2025-10-22
  location: 'San Antonio, TX, USA '
  name: 70th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)
  start_date: 2025-10-15
corporate_editor:
- ieee-holm
date_created: 2026-02-24T14:48:06Z
date_updated: 2026-02-27T11:06:57Z
department:
- _id: DEP6000
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329
keyword:
- Connectors
- Resistance
- Silver
- Lubricants
- Contacts
- Oils
- Friction
- Corrosion
- Optimization
language:
- iso: eng
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 979-8-3315-5996-0
  isbn:
  - 979-8-3315-5997-7
  issn:
  - 2158-9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
series_title: Electrical contacts
status: public
title: Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the
  Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83778'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '11359'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The reliability and lifetime of electrical contacts is an important aspect
    in system reliability and is influenced by numerous factors. Micro motions as
    well as vibrations lead to fretting wear, which can result in wear through of
    the protective coating. If this layer is worn through, the non-noble layer underneath
    is exposed, resulting in the occurrence of fretting corrosion with further relative
    motion. This leads to an increased electrical contact resistance (ECR) and can
    cause the contact to fail. Increasing the hardness of the coating material can
    reduce the wear and in turn increase contacts’ lifetime. The micro hardness, wear
    and lifetime of contacts with modified hard silver coatings are investigated in
    fretting wear and corrosion tests and the results compared to a conventional silver
    coating. Since one of the modifications shows a significant reduction in wear
    and hence improvement in lifetime, further analysis with SEM and FIB is conducted
    in order to identify the key mechanisms leading to this improvement. With a further
    increase in lifetime however, fatigue as well as delamination of the coating are
    revealed to be of high relevance. Both can be main causes of electrical contact
    failure under fretting load. In general, at lower number of cycles, increased
    micro hardness has the greatest effect on lifetime and wear while at the higher
    number of cycles, fatigue is observed to be the dominant failure mechanism.
author:
- first_name: Roman
  full_name: Probst, Roman
  id: '69156'
  last_name: Probst
- first_name: Jian
  full_name: Song, Jian
  id: '5297'
  last_name: Song
citation:
  ama: Probst R, Song J. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a
    Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. IEEE; 2023:88-94.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>
  apa: Probst, R., &#38; Song, J. (2023). Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the
    Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests. In
    <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i> (pp. 88–94).
    IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>
  bjps: '<b>Probst R and Song J</b> (2023) <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on
    the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>.
    [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Probst, Roman, and Jian Song. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on
    the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>.
    <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>. Electrical
    Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Probst, Roman und Jian Song. 2023. <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue
    on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>.
    <i>2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>. Electrical
    Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Probst, Roman</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Song, Jian</span>: <i>Influence of Hardness and
    Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion
    Tests</i>, <i>Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts</i>.
    [Piscataway, NJ] : IEEE, 2023'
  havard: R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of
    a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, IEEE, [Piscataway,
    NJ], 2023.
  ieee: 'R. Probst and J. Song, <i>Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime
    of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests</i>. [Piscataway,
    NJ]: IEEE, 2023, pp. 88–94. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.'
  mla: Probst, Roman, and Jian Song. “Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime
    of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests.” <i>2023 IEEE
    68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)</i>, IEEE, 2023, pp. 88–94,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299">https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299</a>.
  short: R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of
    a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, IEEE, [Piscataway,
    NJ], 2023.
  ufg: '<b>Probst, Roman/Song, Jian</b>: Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the
    Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests, [Piscataway,
    NJ] 2023 (Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts).'
  van: 'Probst R, Song J. Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified
    Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests. 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference
    on Electrical Contacts (HOLM). [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE; 2023. (Electrical Contacts-IEEE
    Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts).'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-10-11
  location: 'Seattle '
  name: 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)
  start_date: 2023-10-04
date_created: 2024-04-18T10:05:51Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T07:54:13Z
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299
keyword:
- electrical contacts
- lifetime
- silver coating
- fretting corrosion
- fatigue
- wear through
language:
- iso: eng
page: 88 - 94
place: '[Piscataway, NJ]'
publication: 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - '979‐8‐3503‐4246‐8 '
  - 979‐8‐3503‐4245‐1
  isbn:
  - 979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4
  issn:
  - 2158‐9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
series_title: Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
status: public
title: Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating
  in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '9204'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The development of autonomous vehicles and the integration of new information
    and communication technologies are making the reliability of electrical systems
    and components in modern vehicles increasingly important. Electrical connectors
    are a crucial component in an electrical on-board system. They are exposed to
    a wide variety of influences by the environment and operating conditions. Thus,
    the degradation of electrical connectors can occur. Material and surface analysis
    methods are the tools used to analyze the degradation mechanisms in connectors
    after lifetime tests, as well as in field operations. Within the framework of
    this study, a wide variety of methods from the analytical scope are presented
    and discussed. The connector surfaces degraded by different failure mechanisms
    are analyzed using various material and surface analysis methods. The quality
    and the nature of the analyses results obtained from various analysis methods
    are compared. Also, this study deals with the benefits and limitations, as well
    as the effort and the specific challenges of different material and surface analytical
    methods for the evaluation of failure mechanisms from the point of view of a material
    and surface analyst.
author:
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Kolmer, Philipp
  last_name: Kolmer
- first_name: Abhay Rammurti
  full_name: Shukla, Abhay Rammurti
  id: '72757'
  last_name: Shukla
- first_name: Jian
  full_name: Song, Jian
  id: '5297'
  last_name: Song
citation:
  ama: 'Kolmer P, Shukla AR, Song J. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for
    the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : open
    access journal</i>. 2022;10(6):124. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>'
  apa: 'Kolmer, P., Shukla, A. R., &#38; Song, J. (2022). Methods of Material and
    Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors.
    <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i>, <i>10</i>(6), 124. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Kolmer P, Shukla AR and Song J</b> (2022) Methods of Material and Surface
    Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies :
    open access journal</i> <b>10</b>, 124.'
  chicago: 'Kolmer, Philipp, Abhay Rammurti Shukla, and Jian Song. “Methods of Material
    and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors.”
    <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i> 10, no. 6 (2022): 124. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Kolmer, Philipp, Abhay Rammurti Shukla und Jian Song. 2022. Methods
    of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical
    Connectors. <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> 10, Nr. 6: 124. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kolmer, Philipp</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shukla, Abhay Rammurti</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Song,
    Jian</span>: Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure
    Modes for Electrical Connectors. In: <i>Technologies : open access journal</i>
    Bd. 10. Basel, MDPI (2022), Nr. 6, S. 124'
  havard: 'P. Kolmer, A.R. Shukla, J. Song, Methods of Material and Surface Analysis
    for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors, Technologies :
    Open Access Journal. 10 (2022) 124.'
  ieee: 'P. Kolmer, A. R. Shukla, and J. Song, “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis
    for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors,” <i>Technologies :
    open access journal</i>, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 124, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.'
  mla: 'Kolmer, Philipp, et al. “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the
    Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors.” <i>Technologies : Open
    Access Journal</i>, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022, p. 124, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.'
  short: 'P. Kolmer, A.R. Shukla, J. Song, Technologies : Open Access Journal 10 (2022)
    124.'
  ufg: '<b>Kolmer, Philipp/Shukla, Abhay Rammurti/Song, Jian</b>: Methods of Material
    and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors,
    in: <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> 10 (2022), H. 6,  S. 124.'
  van: 'Kolmer P, Shukla AR, Song J. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for
    the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. Technologies : open
    access journal. 2022;10(6):124.'
date_created: 2022-12-11T12:35:54Z
date_updated: 2024-08-05T07:19:56Z
ddc:
- '600'
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124
intvolume: '        10'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- electrical connector
- failure modes
- wear
- fretting corrosion
- analysis
- material
- method
language:
- iso: eng
page: '124'
place: Basel
publication: 'Technologies : open access journal'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '2227-7080 '
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
status: public
title: Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes
  for Electrical Connectors
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 10
year: '2022'
...