---
_id: '12844'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Solketal and oxymethylene ether (OME) are two promising blending candidates
    for regenerative fuels (e-fuels), which could contribute to a holistic solution
    to the energy crisis. In this study the thermo-oxidative aging of these two e-fuels
    in their pure form as well as in binary mixtures with different ratios (3:1, 1:1,
    and 1:3) (vol%) is investigated. Herein, the reaction networks of the thermo-oxidative
    aging process of both e-fuels and mixtures thereof is elucidated based on intermediates
    and decomposition products determined via GC-MS. Furthermore, changes of important
    fuel-specific parameters like kinematic viscosity and density as well as total
    acid number during aging have been determined. The 3:1 solketal:OME (vol%) mixture
    exhibits a higher stability to thermo-oxidative aging than the pure fuel components
    or mixtures with other ratios. The viscosity value of this mixture is within the
    DIN EN 590 norm after accelerated aging of 72 h (viscosity (72 h) = 4.25 mm(2)/s))
    unlike other blends. The maximum value of the total acid number of this aged mixture
    reaches only similar to 29 % of the maximum value of aged pure OME and has the
    lowest value of all mixtures. Furthermore, the formation of a precipitate could
    be successfully suppressed in the 3:1 solketal:OME (vol%) mixture different from
    other mixtures. With these findings, this study contributes to the design of new
    sustainable fuels for the transport sector.
article_number: '134738'
author:
- first_name: Anne
  full_name: Lichtinger, Anne
  last_name: Lichtinger
- first_name: Maximilian J.
  full_name: Poller, Maximilian J.
  last_name: Poller
- first_name: Olaf
  full_name: Schröder, Olaf
  last_name: Schröder
- first_name: Julian
  full_name: Türck, Julian
  last_name: Türck
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Garbe, Thomas
  last_name: Garbe
- first_name: Jürgen
  full_name: Krahl, Jürgen
  id: '68870'
  last_name: Krahl
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Jakob, Markus
  last_name: Jakob
- first_name: Jakob
  full_name: Albert, Jakob
  last_name: Albert
citation:
  ama: 'Lichtinger A, Poller MJ, Schröder O, et al. Revealing the aging mechanisms
    of solketal, oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as promising e-fuels. <i>Fuel :
    the science and technology of fuel and energy</i>. 2025;390. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738">10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738</a>'
  apa: 'Lichtinger, A., Poller, M. J., Schröder, O., Türck, J., Garbe, T., Krahl,
    J., Jakob, M., &#38; Albert, J. (2025). Revealing the aging mechanisms of solketal,
    oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as promising e-fuels. <i>Fuel : The Science
    and Technology of Fuel and Energy</i>, <i>390</i>, Article 134738. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Lichtinger A <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Revealing the Aging Mechanisms of
    Solketal, Oxymethylene Ether, and Mixtures Thereof as Promising e-Fuels. <i>Fuel :
    the science and technology of fuel and energy</i> <b>390</b>.'
  chicago: 'Lichtinger, Anne, Maximilian J. Poller, Olaf Schröder, Julian Türck, Thomas
    Garbe, Jürgen Krahl, Markus Jakob, and Jakob Albert. “Revealing the Aging Mechanisms
    of Solketal, Oxymethylene Ether, and Mixtures Thereof as Promising e-Fuels.” <i>Fuel :
    The Science and Technology of Fuel and Energy</i> 390 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Lichtinger, Anne, Maximilian J. Poller, Olaf Schröder, Julian Türck,
    Thomas Garbe, Jürgen Krahl, Markus Jakob und Jakob Albert. 2025. Revealing the
    aging mechanisms of solketal, oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as promising
    e-fuels. <i>Fuel : the science and technology of fuel and energy</i> 390. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738">10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lichtinger, Anne</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Poller, Maximilian J.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schröder,
    Olaf</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Türck, Julian</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Garbe, Thomas</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Krahl,
    Jürgen</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jakob, Markus</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Albert, Jakob</span>: Revealing the aging
    mechanisms of solketal, oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as promising
    e-fuels. In: <i>Fuel : the science and technology of fuel and energy</i> Bd. 390.
    Amsterdam [u.a.], Elsevier BV (2025)'
  havard: 'A. Lichtinger, M.J. Poller, O. Schröder, J. Türck, T. Garbe, J. Krahl,
    M. Jakob, J. Albert, Revealing the aging mechanisms of solketal, oxymethylene
    ether, and mixtures thereof as promising e-fuels, Fuel : The Science and Technology
    of Fuel and Energy. 390 (2025).'
  ieee: 'A. Lichtinger <i>et al.</i>, “Revealing the aging mechanisms of solketal,
    oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as promising e-fuels,” <i>Fuel : the
    science and technology of fuel and energy</i>, vol. 390, Art. no. 134738, 2025,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738">10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738</a>.'
  mla: 'Lichtinger, Anne, et al. “Revealing the Aging Mechanisms of Solketal, Oxymethylene
    Ether, and Mixtures Thereof as Promising e-Fuels.” <i>Fuel : The Science and Technology
    of Fuel and Energy</i>, vol. 390, 134738, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738</a>.'
  short: 'A. Lichtinger, M.J. Poller, O. Schröder, J. Türck, T. Garbe, J. Krahl, M.
    Jakob, J. Albert, Fuel : The Science and Technology of Fuel and Energy 390 (2025).'
  ufg: '<b>Lichtinger, Anne u. a.</b>: Revealing the aging mechanisms of solketal,
    oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as promising e-fuels, in: <i>Fuel : the
    science and technology of fuel and energy</i> 390 (2025).'
  van: 'Lichtinger A, Poller MJ, Schröder O, Türck J, Garbe T, Krahl J, et al. Revealing
    the aging mechanisms of solketal, oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as
    promising e-fuels. Fuel : the science and technology of fuel and energy. 2025;390.'
date_created: 2025-04-23T12:10:42Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T07:09:35Z
department:
- _id: DEP1408
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001433299000001'
intvolume: '       390'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- E -fuels
- Solketal
- OME
- Fuel mixtures
- Aging mechanism
language:
- iso: eng
place: Amsterdam [u.a.]
publication: 'Fuel : the science and technology of fuel and energy'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1873-7153
  issn:
  - 0016-2361
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Revealing the aging mechanisms of solketal, oxymethylene ether, and mixtures
  thereof as promising e-fuels
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 390
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '12843'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This article contributes to the ongoing dialogue regarding the future application
    of renewable e‐fuels as part of a holistic solution to the energy crisis. In order
    to be able to continue using internal combustion engines in a sustainable manner,
    it must be ensured that these engines are operated exclusively with renewable,
    CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐neutral fuels. One way to achieve this is the use of
    a fluorescence sensor in the vehicle in combination with fuels that are labeled
    with a fluorescence marker. This study presents an investigation into the use
    of the benzophenoxazine dye Nile red as a fluorescent marker for distinguishing
    fossil from renewable fuels. In addition to assessing the stability of the fluorescent
    marker against thermo‐oxidative aging, the study probes its antioxidative impact
    on fuel aging, by comparing unlabeled and with Nile red labeled aged fuels. Furthermore,
    an examination of fuel‐specific parameters underscores the positive effect of
    Nile red on fuel stability. A comparison with the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene
    confirms the antioxidant effect of Nile red.
author:
- first_name: Anne
  full_name: Lichtinger, Anne
  last_name: Lichtinger
- first_name: Maximilian J.
  full_name: Poller, Maximilian J.
  last_name: Poller
- first_name: Julian
  full_name: Türck, Julian
  last_name: Türck
- first_name: Olaf
  full_name: Schröder, Olaf
  last_name: Schröder
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Garbe, Thomas
  last_name: Garbe
- first_name: Jürgen
  full_name: Krahl, Jürgen
  id: '68870'
  last_name: Krahl
- first_name: Anja
  full_name: Singer, Anja
  last_name: Singer
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Jakob, Markus
  last_name: Jakob
- first_name: Jakob
  full_name: Albert, Jakob
  last_name: Albert
citation:
  ama: 'Lichtinger A, Poller MJ, Türck J, et al. Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker
    and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels. <i>Energy technology : generation, conversion,
    storage, distribution</i>. 2023;11(11). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260">10.1002/ente.202300260</a>'
  apa: 'Lichtinger, A., Poller, M. J., Türck, J., Schröder, O., Garbe, T., Krahl,
    J., Singer, A., Jakob, M., &#38; Albert, J. (2023). Nile Red as a Fluorescence
    Marker and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels. <i>Energy Technology : Generation,
    Conversion, Storage, Distribution</i>, <i>11</i>(11). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260">https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Lichtinger A <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker
    and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels. <i>Energy technology : generation, conversion,
    storage, distribution</i> <b>11</b>.'
  chicago: 'Lichtinger, Anne, Maximilian J. Poller, Julian Türck, Olaf Schröder, Thomas
    Garbe, Jürgen Krahl, Anja Singer, Markus Jakob, and Jakob Albert. “Nile Red as
    a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels.” <i>Energy Technology :
    Generation, Conversion, Storage, Distribution</i> 11, no. 11 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260">https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Lichtinger, Anne, Maximilian J. Poller, Julian Türck, Olaf Schröder,
    Thomas Garbe, Jürgen Krahl, Anja Singer, Markus Jakob und Jakob Albert. 2023.
    Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels. <i>Energy
    technology : generation, conversion, storage, distribution</i> 11, Nr. 11. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260">10.1002/ente.202300260</a>, .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lichtinger,
    Anne</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Poller, Maximilian J.</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Türck, Julian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schröder,
    Olaf</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Garbe, Thomas</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Krahl, Jürgen</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Singer,
    Anja</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jakob, Markus</span> ; u. a.</span>:
    Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels. In:
    <i>Energy technology : generation, conversion, storage, distribution</i> Bd. 11.
    Weinheim, Wiley (2023), Nr. 11'
  havard: 'A. Lichtinger, M.J. Poller, J. Türck, O. Schröder, T. Garbe, J. Krahl,
    A. Singer, M. Jakob, J. Albert, Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant
    for Regenerative Fuels, Energy Technology : Generation, Conversion, Storage, Distribution.
    11 (2023).'
  ieee: 'A. Lichtinger <i>et al.</i>, “Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant
    for Regenerative Fuels,” <i>Energy technology : generation, conversion, storage,
    distribution</i>, vol. 11, no. 11, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260">10.1002/ente.202300260</a>.'
  mla: 'Lichtinger, Anne, et al. “Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant
    for Regenerative Fuels.” <i>Energy Technology : Generation, Conversion, Storage,
    Distribution</i>, vol. 11, no. 11, 2023, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260">https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300260</a>.'
  short: 'A. Lichtinger, M.J. Poller, J. Türck, O. Schröder, T. Garbe, J. Krahl, A.
    Singer, M. Jakob, J. Albert, Energy Technology : Generation, Conversion, Storage,
    Distribution 11 (2023).'
  ufg: '<b>Lichtinger, Anne u. a.</b>: Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant
    for Regenerative Fuels, in: <i>Energy technology : generation, conversion, storage,
    distribution</i> 11 (2023), H. 11.'
  van: 'Lichtinger A, Poller MJ, Türck J, Schröder O, Garbe T, Krahl J, et al. Nile
    Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels. Energy technology :
    generation, conversion, storage, distribution. 2023;11(11).'
date_created: 2025-04-23T10:48:30Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T07:50:04Z
department:
- _id: DEP1408
doi: 10.1002/ente.202300260
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001067018000001'
intvolume: '        11'
isi: '1'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- antioxidants
- climate policy
- climate-neutral
- e-fuels
- fluorescence markers
- oxidation
language:
- iso: eng
place: Weinheim
publication: 'Energy technology : generation, conversion, storage, distribution'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2194-4296
  issn:
  - 2194-4288
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
status: public
title: Nile Red as a Fluorescence Marker and Antioxidant for Regenerative Fuels
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 11
year: '2023'
...