[{"date_updated":"2025-06-25T07:08:31Z","year":"2025","article_number":"109427","user_id":"83781","external_id":{"isi":["001431374000001"]},"date_created":"2025-04-04T09:17:03Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"place":"Amsterdam [u.a.]","author":[{"first_name":"Jian","full_name":"Song, Jian","id":"5297","last_name":"Song"},{"full_name":"Hilmert, Dirk","id":"74212","last_name":"Hilmert","first_name":"Dirk"},{"full_name":"Kiel, Frederik","id":"87296","last_name":"Kiel","first_name":"Frederik"}],"status":"public","_id":"12760","type":"scientific_journal_article","volume":173,"abstract":[{"text":"Various degradation mechanisms can diminish the performance of electrical connectors in automobiles over time. It is crucial to gain an in-depth understanding of the failure mechanisms and their interactions, as well as to systematically analyze the failure mechanisms of connectors, assess their state of health, and predict the probability of failure in the future. This work provides a comprehensive overview of degradation mechanisms in electrical connectors, including fretting corrosion, oxidation, delamination, wear through of the protective coating, stress relaxation and plastic deformation. It focuses on mechanisms that contribute to increased contact resistance over time and proposes a unified model to explain their interactions. The study introduces a structured methodology for assessing connector health by outlining key measurement techniques and presenting an efficient approach to failure and state analysis that minimizes both testing time and sample size. This methodology is supported by analyses of connectors from long-term life tests and field-used, field-tested vehicles. Additionally, the study explores new aspects of the state analysis for accelerated testing of connectors, supported by examples from field-tested vehicles and various test methods, to predict connectors lifetime and evaluate the effectiveness of existing testing approaches.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["Combined failure mechanisms","Combination of analytical methods","Procedure of analysis"],"isi":"1","publication":"Engineering Failure Analysis","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427","issue":"5","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1350-6307"],"eissn":["1873-1961"]},"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"title":"Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles","intvolume":"       173","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","citation":{"chicago-de":"Song, Jian, Dirk Hilmert und Frederik Kiel. 2025. Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles. <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i> 173, Nr. 5. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427\">10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Song J, Hilmert D and Kiel F</b> (2025) Mechanisms of Failure and State Analysis of Electrical Connectors in Automobiles. <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i> <b>173</b>.","mla":"Song, Jian, et al. “Mechanisms of Failure and State Analysis of Electrical Connectors in Automobiles.” <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i>, vol. 173, no. 5, 109427, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427</a>.","short":"J. Song, D. Hilmert, F. Kiel, Engineering Failure Analysis 173 (2025).","chicago":"Song, Jian, Dirk Hilmert, and Frederik Kiel. “Mechanisms of Failure and State Analysis of Electrical Connectors in Automobiles.” <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i> 173, no. 5 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hilmert, Dirk</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kiel, Frederik</span>: Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles. In: <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i> Bd. 173. Amsterdam [u.a.], Elsevier (2025), Nr. 5","ieee":"J. Song, D. Hilmert, and F. Kiel, “Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles,” <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i>, vol. 173, no. 5, Art. no. 109427, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427\">10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427</a>.","van":"Song J, Hilmert D, Kiel F. Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2025;173(5).","havard":"J. Song, D. Hilmert, F. Kiel, Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles, Engineering Failure Analysis. 173 (2025).","ufg":"<b>Song, Jian/Hilmert, Dirk/Kiel, Frederik</b>: Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles, in: <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i> 173 (2025), H. 5.","ama":"Song J, Hilmert D, Kiel F. Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles. <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i>. 2025;173(5). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427\">10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427</a>","apa":"Song, J., Hilmert, D., &#38; Kiel, F. (2025). Mechanisms of failure and state analysis of electrical connectors in automobiles. <i>Engineering Failure Analysis</i>, <i>173</i>(5), Article 109427. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109427</a>"}},{"year":"2024","date_updated":"2025-06-25T13:05:49Z","user_id":"83781","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w"}],"external_id":{"isi":["001292649800001"]},"date_created":"2024-08-17T06:41:58Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"place":"Berlin","author":[{"last_name":"Frühwald-König","full_name":"Frühwald-König, Katja","id":"26232","first_name":"Katja"},{"first_name":"Lena","full_name":"Heister, Lena","id":"71887","last_name":"Heister"}],"status":"public","type":"industry_journal_article","_id":"11823","abstract":[{"text":"This study investigates the macromechanical and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood by testing the elastomechanical properties in bending, compression parallel and perpendicular and tension parallel and perpendicular to the vascular bundles of small-size test specimen depending on the position within the trunk, the density and the number of vascular bundles per unit area as well as the plantation site. All properties tested show a much higher exponential increase with the density, following power law relationships with exponents > 1, than common wood species and a significant gradient over both trunk height and cross section. Oil palm wood can be seen as a unidirectional long-fiber-reinforced bio-composite, if vascular bundles are considered as reinforcements (fibers) and parenchymatous ground tissue as matrix. The adapted rule-of-mixture based on the number of vascular bundles per unit area can be confirmed for the density, but not for the tensile properties, because the number of vascular bundles per unit area and share of fibers within the bundles is greater in the periphery than in the trunk central tissue. Furthermore, cell wall thickening over time is more pronounced in the peripheral than in the central tissue and more at the bottom than near the top. Different from small test specimens from common wood species, the compression strength exceeds the tensile strength: fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.4 : 2.2–1.2 : 1. The performance indices for minimum weight design by Ashby and coworkers are comparable to that for coconut and date palm wood.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES","STEM","FAILURE"],"isi":"1","publication":"European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff ","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1436-736X"],"issn":["0018-3768"]},"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"DEP7018"}],"title":"Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w","has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Frühwald-König, Katja</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Heister, Lena</span>: Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties. In: <i>European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff </i>. Berlin, Springer (2024)","mla":"Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Macro- and Micromechanical Behavior of Oil Palm Wood (Elaeis  Guineensis JACQ.): Tensile, Compression and Bending Properties.” <i>European Journal of Wood and Wood Products : Holz Als Roh- Und Werkstoff </i>, 2024, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w</a>.","chicago":"Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Macro- and Micromechanical Behavior of Oil Palm Wood (Elaeis  Guineensis JACQ.): Tensile, Compression and Bending Properties.” <i>European Journal of Wood and Wood Products : Holz Als Roh- Und Werkstoff </i>, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w</a>.","short":"K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products : Holz Als Roh- Und Werkstoff  (2024).","chicago-de":"Frühwald-König, Katja und Lena Heister. 2024. Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties. <i>European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff </i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w</a>, .","bjps":"<b>Frühwald-König K and Heister L</b> (2024) Macro- and Micromechanical Behavior of Oil Palm Wood (Elaeis  Guineensis JACQ.): Tensile, Compression and Bending Properties. <i>European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff </i>.","apa":"Frühwald-König, K., &#38; Heister, L. (2024). Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties. <i>European Journal of Wood and Wood Products : Holz Als Roh- Und Werkstoff </i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w</a>","ama":"Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties. <i>European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff </i>. Published online 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w</a>","ufg":"<b>Frühwald-König, Katja/Heister, Lena</b>: Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties, in: <i>European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff </i> (2024).","havard":"K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products : Holz Als Roh- Und Werkstoff . (2024).","ieee":"K. Frühwald-König and L. Heister, “Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties,” <i>European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff </i>, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02131-w</a>.","van":"Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Macro- and micromechanical behavior of oil palm wood (Elaeis  guineensis JACQ.): tensile, compression and bending properties. European journal of wood and wood products : Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff . 2024;"},"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Springer","oa":"1"},{"keyword":["Acceleration factor","Coefficient of vibration","Sine sweep","Random vibration","Failure rate"],"ddc":["620"],"article_type":"original","publication":"Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal & world abstracting service","title":"The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors","department":[{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0026-2714"]},"publication_status":"published","issue":"8","has_accepted_license":"1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567","intvolume":"       135","citation":{"ieee":"K. Krüger, H. Yuan, and J. Song, “The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors,” <i>Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal &#38; world abstracting service</i>, vol. 135, no. 8, Art. no. 114567, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567</a>.","van":"Krüger K, Yuan H, Song J. The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors. Microelectronics reliability : an internat journal &#38; world abstracting service. 2022;135(8).","ufg":"<b>Krüger, Kevin/Yuan, Haomiao/Song, Jian</b>: The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors, in: <i>Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal &#38; world abstracting service</i> 135 (2022), H. 8.","havard":"K. Krüger, H. Yuan, J. Song, The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors, Microelectronics Reliability : An Internat. Journal &#38; World Abstracting Service. 135 (2022).","apa":"Krüger, K., Yuan, H., &#38; Song, J. (2022). The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors. <i>Microelectronics Reliability : An Internat. Journal &#38; World Abstracting Service</i>, <i>135</i>(8), Article 114567. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567</a>","ama":"Krüger K, Yuan H, Song J. The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors. <i>Microelectronics reliability : an internat journal &#38; world abstracting service</i>. 2022;135(8). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567</a>","bjps":"<b>Krüger K, Yuan H and Song J</b> (2022) The Influence of the Vibration Test Mode on the Failure Rate of Electrical Connectors. <i>Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal &#38; world abstracting service</i> <b>135</b>.","chicago-de":"Krüger, Kevin, Haomiao Yuan und Jian Song. 2022. The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors. <i>Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal &#38; world abstracting service</i> 135, Nr. 8. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567</a>, .","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Krüger, Kevin</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Yuan, Haomiao</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span>: The influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rate of electrical connectors. In: <i>Microelectronics reliability : an internat. journal &#38; world abstracting service</i> Bd. 135. Amsterdam, Elsevier (2022), Nr. 8","mla":"Krüger, Kevin, et al. “The Influence of the Vibration Test Mode on the Failure Rate of Electrical Connectors.” <i>Microelectronics Reliability : An Internat. Journal &#38; World Abstracting Service</i>, vol. 135, no. 8, 114567, 2022, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567</a>.","chicago":"Krüger, Kevin, Haomiao Yuan, and Jian Song. “The Influence of the Vibration Test Mode on the Failure Rate of Electrical Connectors.” <i>Microelectronics Reliability : An Internat. Journal &#38; World Abstracting Service</i> 135, no. 8 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2022.114567</a>.","short":"K. Krüger, H. Yuan, J. Song, Microelectronics Reliability : An Internat. Journal &#38; World Abstracting Service 135 (2022)."},"publisher":"Elsevier","date_updated":"2024-08-08T08:45:25Z","year":"2022","user_id":"83781","article_number":"114567","date_created":"2022-06-14T14:59:08Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"place":"Amsterdam","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Krüger","id":"76831","full_name":"Krüger, Kevin"},{"last_name":"Yuan","full_name":"Yuan, Haomiao","id":"61860","first_name":"Haomiao"},{"last_name":"Song","full_name":"Song, Jian","id":"5297","first_name":"Jian"}],"volume":135,"type":"scientific_journal_article","_id":"8353","abstract":[{"text":"A new model for the reliability prediction was developed and validated in previous investigations in order to enable the determination of the failure in time (FIT) of electrical connectors from highly accelerated life tests (HALT). The established testing method considers the influence of temperature, thermal cycling and vibration on the failure rates of electrical connectors. Various stress levels, i.e. the combinations of different test parameters, were derived from the ZVEI Technical Guideline TLF 0214 for low voltage automotive connectors. The applied vibrational load was initially defined as a sinusoidal test mode. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the vibration test mode on the failure rates. Two commonly used automotive connectors are chosen and subjected to stresses in HALT under two different types of vibrational load. The sinusoidal test mode along with the random vibration test mode are taken into account. The influence of the vibration test modes is subsequently determined by comparing the numbers of failures. Additionally, the principles of determining the coefficient of vibration are discussed and the specific coefficients for the chosen connectors are calculated based on the test results. A guideline, derived from this investigation, to select an appropriate vibration mode and vibration level is provided in order to compare the reliability of different electrical connectors.","lang":"eng"}]},{"publisher":"MDPI","citation":{"bjps":"<b>Kolmer P, Shukla AR and Song J</b> (2022) Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> <b>10</b>, 124.","chicago-de":"Kolmer, Philipp, Abhay Rammurti Shukla und Jian Song. 2022. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> 10, Nr. 6: 124. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>, .","chicago":"Kolmer, Philipp, Abhay Rammurti Shukla, and Jian Song. “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors.” <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i> 10, no. 6 (2022): 124. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.","short":"P. Kolmer, A.R. Shukla, J. Song, Technologies : Open Access Journal 10 (2022) 124.","mla":"Kolmer, Philipp, et al. “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors.” <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i>, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022, p. 124, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kolmer, Philipp</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Shukla, Abhay Rammurti</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span>: Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. In: <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> Bd. 10. Basel, MDPI (2022), Nr. 6, S. 124","van":"Kolmer P, Shukla AR, Song J. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. Technologies : open access journal. 2022;10(6):124.","ieee":"P. Kolmer, A. R. Shukla, and J. Song, “Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors,” <i>Technologies : open access journal</i>, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 124, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>.","ama":"Kolmer P, Shukla AR, Song J. Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : open access journal</i>. 2022;10(6):124. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>","apa":"Kolmer, P., Shukla, A. R., &#38; Song, J. (2022). Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors. <i>Technologies : Open Access Journal</i>, <i>10</i>(6), 124. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124\">https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124</a>","havard":"P. Kolmer, A.R. Shukla, J. Song, Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors, Technologies : Open Access Journal. 10 (2022) 124.","ufg":"<b>Kolmer, Philipp/Shukla, Abhay Rammurti/Song, Jian</b>: Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors, in: <i>Technologies : open access journal</i> 10 (2022), H. 6,  S. 124."},"intvolume":"        10","issue":"6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies10060124","department":[{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"title":"Methods of Material and Surface Analysis for the Evaluation of Failure Modes for Electrical Connectors","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2227-7080 "]},"publication_status":"published","publication":"Technologies : open access journal","ddc":["600"],"keyword":["electrical connector","failure modes","wear","fretting corrosion","analysis","material","method"],"abstract":[{"text":"The development of autonomous vehicles and the integration of new information and communication technologies are making the reliability of electrical systems and components in modern vehicles increasingly important. Electrical connectors are a crucial component in an electrical on-board system. They are exposed to a wide variety of influences by the environment and operating conditions. Thus, the degradation of electrical connectors can occur. Material and surface analysis methods are the tools used to analyze the degradation mechanisms in connectors after lifetime tests, as well as in field operations. Within the framework of this study, a wide variety of methods from the analytical scope are presented and discussed. The connector surfaces degraded by different failure mechanisms are analyzed using various material and surface analysis methods. The quality and the nature of the analyses results obtained from various analysis methods are compared. Also, this study deals with the benefits and limitations, as well as the effort and the specific challenges of different material and surface analytical methods for the evaluation of failure mechanisms from the point of view of a material and surface analyst.","lang":"eng"}],"volume":10,"page":"124","_id":"9204","type":"scientific_journal_article","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Kolmer","full_name":"Kolmer, Philipp"},{"first_name":"Abhay Rammurti","id":"72757","full_name":"Shukla, Abhay Rammurti","last_name":"Shukla"},{"first_name":"Jian","last_name":"Song","full_name":"Song, Jian","id":"5297"}],"place":"Basel","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2022-12-11T12:35:54Z","user_id":"83781","date_updated":"2024-08-05T07:19:56Z","year":"2022"},{"date_created":"2022-12-11T13:55:18Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2024-08-05T08:18:13Z","year":"2022","user_id":"83781","page":"9 - 16","_id":"9213","type":"conference_editor_article","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The function and reliability of electrical connectors in automotive applications is crucial for vehicle safety, especially with regard to E-mobility and autonomous driving. For this reason, electrical connectors are being developed for long-term use applications. However, a small amount of function failures are still being observed in long-term use field vehicles. In this study all electrical connectors of five long-term driven vehicles from various car manufacturers are disassembled and analyzed. The same analysis procedure is followed for every vehicle and the electrical resistance of the connectors is measured to determine electrical failures. The contacts of failed connectors are further analyzed using optical microscopy, XRF spectroscopy, EDS and detailed contact resistance mapping. By comparing the connectors with electrical failures to the same types of connectors with a proper electrical resistance, failure mechanisms can be detected and analyzed. The frequency of various failure mechanisms is statistically evaluated. The results of the analysis provide valuable indications with respect to improvement of the reliability of connectors."}],"place":"Piscataway, NJ","author":[{"first_name":"Dirk","full_name":"Hilmert, Dirk","id":"74212","last_name":"Hilmert"},{"first_name":"Haomiao","id":"61860","full_name":"Yuan, Haomiao","last_name":"Yuan"},{"last_name":"Song","full_name":"Song, Jian","id":"5297","first_name":"Jian"}],"status":"public","conference":{"start_date":"2022-10-23","location":"Tampa, FL, USA","end_date":"2022-10-26","name":"67th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts"},"publication":"Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts","doi":"10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-1-6654-5966-2","978-1-6654-5967-9"],"issn":["2158-9992"],"eisbn":["978-1-6654-5965-5"]},"publication_status":"published","title":"The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles","department":[{"_id":"DEP6012"}],"keyword":["Connectors","Resistance","Spectroscopy","Optical microscopy","Microscopy","Vehicle safety","Failure analysis"],"publisher":"IEEE","citation":{"bjps":"<b>Hilmert D, Yuan H and Song J</b> (2022) <i>The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.","chicago-de":"Hilmert, Dirk, Haomiao Yuan und Jian Song. 2022. <i>The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles</i>. <i>Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820\">10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820</a>, .","chicago":"Hilmert, Dirk, Haomiao Yuan, and Jian Song. <i>The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles</i>. <i>Electrical Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820\">https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820</a>.","short":"D. Hilmert, H. Yuan, J. Song, The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.","mla":"Hilmert, Dirk, et al. “The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles.” <i>Electrical Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts</i>, IEEE, 2022, pp. 9–16, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820\">https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820</a>.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hilmert, Dirk</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Yuan, Haomiao</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Song, Jian</span>: <i>The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles</i>. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2022","van":"Hilmert D, Yuan H, Song J. The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles. Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2022.","ieee":"D. Hilmert, H. Yuan, and J. Song, <i>The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2022, pp. 9–16. doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820\">10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820</a>.","havard":"D. Hilmert, H. Yuan, J. Song, The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.","ufg":"<b>Hilmert, Dirk/Yuan, Haomiao/Song, Jian</b>: The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles, Piscataway, NJ 2022.","ama":"Hilmert D, Yuan H, Song J. <i>The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles</i>. IEEE; 2022:9-16. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820\">10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820</a>","apa":"Hilmert, D., Yuan, H., &#38; Song, J. (2022). The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles. In <i>Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts</i> (pp. 9–16). IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820\">https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820</a>"}},{"oa":"1","citation":{"ufg":"<b>Scheideler, Eva/Ahlemeyer-Stubbe, Andrea</b>: Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components, in: <i>Padoano, Elio u. a. (Hgg.)</i>: Production engineering and management : proceedings, 5th international conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy, Lemgo 2015,  S. 163–174.","havard":"E. Scheideler, A. Ahlemeyer-Stubbe, Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components, in: E. Padoano, F.-J. Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.), Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings, 5th International Conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Lemgo, 2015: pp. 163–174.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Scheideler, Eva</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Ahlemeyer-Stubbe, Andrea</span>: Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components. In: <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Padoano, E.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Villmer, F.-J.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Department of Production Engineering and Management</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe</span> (Hrsg.): <i>Production engineering and management : proceedings, 5th international conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i>. Lemgo : Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, 2015, S. 163–174","apa":"Scheideler, E., &#38; Ahlemeyer-Stubbe, A. (2015). Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components. In E. Padoano, F.-J. Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, &#38; Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.), <i>Production engineering and management : proceedings, 5th international conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i> (Issue 1, pp. 163–174). Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe.","mla":"Scheideler, Eva, and Andrea Ahlemeyer-Stubbe. “Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components.” <i>Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings, 5th International Conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i>, edited by Elio Padoano et al., no. 1, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, 2015, pp. 163–74.","chicago":"Scheideler, Eva, and Andrea Ahlemeyer-Stubbe. “Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components.” In <i>Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings, 5th International Conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i>, edited by Elio Padoano, Franz-Josef Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, and Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, 163–74. Lemgo: Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, 2015.","ama":"Scheideler E, Ahlemeyer-Stubbe A. Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components. In: Padoano E, Villmer FJ, Department of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, eds. <i>Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings, 5th International Conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i>. Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe; 2015:163-174.","short":"E. Scheideler, A. Ahlemeyer-Stubbe, in: E. Padoano, F.-J. Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.), Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings, 5th International Conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Lemgo, 2015, pp. 163–174.","ieee":"E. Scheideler and A. Ahlemeyer-Stubbe, “Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components,” in <i>Production engineering and management : proceedings, 5th international conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i>, Trieste, Italy, 2015, no. 1, pp. 163–174.","van":"Scheideler E, Ahlemeyer-Stubbe A. Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components. In: Padoano E, Villmer FJ, Department of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, editors. Production engineering and management : proceedings, 5th international conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy. Lemgo: Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe; 2015. p. 163–74.","bjps":"<b>Scheideler E and Ahlemeyer-Stubbe A</b> (2015) Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components. In Padoano E et al. (eds), <i>Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings, 5th International Conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i>. Lemgo: Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, pp. 163–174.","chicago-de":"Scheideler, Eva und Andrea Ahlemeyer-Stubbe. 2015. Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components. In: <i>Production engineering and management : proceedings, 5th international conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy</i>, hg. von Elio Padoano, Franz-Josef Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, und Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, 163–174. Lemgo: Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe."},"publisher":"Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe","keyword":["Data mining","production failure","multi-variant analysis","multivariate process control","predictive modelling","case study"],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-941645-11-0"]},"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"DEP7000"},{"_id":"DEP1306"}],"title":"Data Mining: A Potential Detector to Find Failure in Complex Components","issue":"1","publication":"Production engineering and management : proceedings, 5th international conference, October 1 and 2, 2015, Trieste, Italy","conference":{"name":"5th International Conference \"Production Engineering and Management\" ","end_date":"2015-10-02","start_date":"2015-10-01","location":"Trieste, Italy"},"author":[{"last_name":"Scheideler","id":"61522","full_name":"Scheideler, Eva","first_name":"Eva"},{"full_name":"Ahlemeyer-Stubbe, Andrea","last_name":"Ahlemeyer-Stubbe","first_name":"Andrea"}],"status":"public","place":"Lemgo","editor":[{"first_name":"Elio","full_name":"Padoano, Elio","last_name":"Padoano"},{"first_name":"Franz-Josef","last_name":"Villmer","full_name":"Villmer, Franz-Josef","id":"14290"}],"abstract":[{"text":"This paper is aimed to discuss current research using data mining techniques and industry statistics in production environments. The general research approach is based on the idea of using data mining processes and techniques of industry statistics to find rare and hidden patterns behind failures of complex components. A case study will be applied to illustrate how the technique is carried out and where the limits of this approach occur. The case study deals with a component supplier of printing machines, which received an increasing number of client complaints, all related to one distinct problem. The observed failures seem to occur only among clients with very high quality standards. The affected component undergoes a very complex production process with several steps in different departments. Every single production unit records data information from multiple process variables and at different points in time. In the beginning there was no understanding of the failure causes in production at all. Therefore a huge amount of production data had to be analyzed to find the pattern that discloses the failure.\r\nThe data mining process starts with a first step in which the given data sets are prepared and then cleaned. Followed up by building a prediction model. The aim is to detect the root causes for failures and to predict potential failures in affected components. This paper shows how to use data mining to get the answer on pressing production failures.\r\n","lang":"eng"}],"_id":"597","type":"conference","page":"163-174","user_id":"83781","date_updated":"2024-03-22T13:12:47Z","year":"2015","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"contains","url":"https://www.hs-owl.de/fileadmin/diman/Veroeffentlichungen/PEM_Tagung_zusammen2015.pdf"}]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.hs-owl.de/fileadmin/diman/Veroeffentlichungen/PEM_Tagung_zusammen2015.pdf"}],"corporate_editor":["Department of Production Engineering and Management","Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe"],"date_created":"2019-02-19T07:15:57Z"}]