[{"publication":"Journal of Food Protection","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-9097"],"issn":["0362-028X"]},"date_created":"2026-03-15T21:28:40Z","date_updated":"2026-04-15T14:12:52Z","keyword":["Bile contamination","Fecal contamination","Pig carcass color","Pig carcass decontamination","Slaughter hygiene","Tubular rail fat contamination"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"title":"Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces","citation":{"ieee":"J. Tholen <i>et al.</i>, “Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces,” <i>Journal of Food Protection</i>, vol. 89, no. 2, Art. no. 100687, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687\">10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687</a>.","ama":"Tholen J, Kirse A, von Haacke H, et al. Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces. <i>Journal of Food Protection</i>. 2025;89(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687\">10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687</a>","apa":"Tholen, J., Kirse, A., von Haacke, H., Kreienbrock, L., Strotkötter, L., Althoff, G. S., &#38; Upmann, M. (2025). Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces. <i>Journal of Food Protection</i>, <i>89</i>(2), Article 100687. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687</a>","chicago":"Tholen, Janna, Alina Kirse, Henrike von Haacke, Lothar Kreienbrock, Lea Strotkötter, Gereon Schulze Althoff, and Matthias Upmann. “Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces.” <i>Journal of Food Protection</i> 89, no. 2 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687</a>.","van":"Tholen J, Kirse A, von Haacke H, Kreienbrock L, Strotkötter L, Althoff GS, et al. Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces. Journal of Food Protection. 2025;89(2).","ufg":"<b>Tholen, Janna u. a.</b>: Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces, in: <i>Journal of Food Protection</i> 89 (2025), H. 2.","mla":"Tholen, Janna, et al. “Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces.” <i>Journal of Food Protection</i>, vol. 89, no. 2, 100687, 2025, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687</a>.","bjps":"<b>Tholen J <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces. <i>Journal of Food Protection</i> <b>89</b>.","havard":"J. Tholen, A. Kirse, H. von Haacke, L. Kreienbrock, L. Strotkötter, G.S. Althoff, M. Upmann, Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces, Journal of Food Protection. 89 (2025).","short":"J. Tholen, A. Kirse, H. von Haacke, L. Kreienbrock, L. Strotkötter, G.S. Althoff, M. Upmann, Journal of Food Protection 89 (2025).","chicago-de":"Tholen, Janna, Alina Kirse, Henrike von Haacke, Lothar Kreienbrock, Lea Strotkötter, Gereon Schulze Althoff und Matthias Upmann. 2025. Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces. <i>Journal of Food Protection</i> 89, Nr. 2. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687\">10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687</a>, .","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tholen, Janna</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kirse, Alina</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">von Haacke, Henrike</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kreienbrock, Lothar</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Strotkötter, Lea</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Althoff, Gereon Schulze</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Upmann, Matthias</span>: Steam-Vacuum Treatment of Pig Carcass Surfaces. In: <i>Journal of Food Protection</i> Bd. 89. Des Moines, Iowa , IAFP (2025), Nr. 2"},"volume":89,"year":"2025","author":[{"last_name":"Tholen","first_name":"Janna","full_name":"Tholen, Janna","id":"68430"},{"first_name":"Alina","full_name":"Kirse, Alina","last_name":"Kirse"},{"first_name":"Henrike","last_name":"von Haacke","full_name":"von Haacke, Henrike"},{"full_name":"Kreienbrock, Lothar","first_name":"Lothar","last_name":"Kreienbrock"},{"first_name":"Lea","last_name":"Strotkötter","full_name":"Strotkötter, Lea"},{"last_name":"Althoff","first_name":"Gereon Schulze","full_name":"Althoff, Gereon Schulze"},{"first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Upmann","id":"12666","full_name":"Upmann, Matthias"}],"status":"public","type":"scientific_journal_article","intvolume":"        89","user_id":"83781","_id":"13506","doi":"10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100687","article_number":"100687","place":"Des Moines, Iowa ","publication_status":"published","issue":"2","abstract":[{"text":"The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a steam-vacuum treatment of the surface of industrially slaughtered pig carcasses after evisceration but before chilling. Both the reduction of the microbial load after contamination with stomach contents, bile, or tubular rail fat and color changes of the carcass surface were investigated. Up to 25 samples per type of contamination were examined within an experimental setting under regular slaughterhouse conditions. The steam-vacuum treatment was applied on the approximately 30 cm long carcass rind between 2 and 8 s. This led to a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.0001) in total bacterial counts of up to 2 log10 levels to values near or below the lower detection limit for all types of contamination considered (stomach contents (−1.2 log CFU/cm2) (p < 0.0001), bile (−1.6 log CFU/cm2) (p < 0.0001) and tubular fat (−2.2 log CFU/cm2) (p < 0.0001). Noncontaminated, nontreated carcasses underwent a color change of ΔE = 2.5 ± 1.2 (ΔE represents the overall color difference, where higher values indicate more noticeable color changes.) during storage of the carcass surface at 2 °C after 24 and 48 h. After steam-vacuum treatment, no statistically significant color differences (24 h storage: 2 s p = 0.7403, 4 s p = 0.8769, 6 s p = 0.1755, 8 s p = 0.0971; 48 h storage: 2 s p = 0.9710, 4 s p = 0.9967, 6 s p = 0.5648, 8 s p = 0.5360) were observed compared to untreated carcasses after storage (ΔE = 3.2 ± 1.3). Stomach content could be completely removed by the steam-vacuum treatment without affecting the color (48 h storage: 2 s p = 0.9704, 4 s p = 1.000, 6 s p = 1.000, 8 s p = 0.9996) compared with the control group. The color changes caused by bile (ΔE = 12.9 ± 4.12; p < 0.0001) and tubular rail fat (ΔE = 8 ± 3; p < 0.0001) could not be reversed completely by vacuum steam treatment. After contamination and decontamination, significant color differences remained in the b* (yellowness) range for bile (p < 0.0001) and in all three color ranges for tubular rail fat (p < 0.0001). Overall, steam-vacuum treatment appears to be a suitable microbiological decontamination method, as the microbial levels after treatment were below the detection limit.","lang":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"DEP4028"},{"_id":"DEP4029"}],"publisher":"IAFP","quality_controlled":"1"},{"date_updated":"2025-06-25T12:40:42Z","date_created":"2025-06-24T12:08:29Z","publication":"Meat Science","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1873-4138"],"issn":["0309-1740"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Abattoir","Slaughter hygiene","Evisceration","Pork production","Pig carcass contamination","Fecal contamination","Bile contamination","Meat inspection"],"volume":208,"citation":{"chicago-de":"Tholen, Janna, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock und Matthias Upmann. 2023. Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i> 208, Nr. 2. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>, .","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Tholen, Janna</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Grosse-Kleimann, J.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schulze Althoff, G.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Kreienbrock, L.</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Upmann, Matthias</span>: Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. In: <i>Meat Science</i> Bd. 208. London [u.a.], Elsevier BV (2023), Nr. 2","short":"J. Tholen, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, M. Upmann, Meat Science 208 (2023).","ufg":"<b>Tholen, Janna u. a.</b>: Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter, in: <i>Meat Science</i> 208 (2023), H. 2.","bjps":"<b>Tholen J <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Type, Areal Extent and Localization of Carcass Contaminations during Industrial Pig Slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i> <b>208</b>.","mla":"Tholen, Janna, et al. “Type, Areal Extent and Localization of Carcass Contaminations during Industrial Pig Slaughter.” <i>Meat Science</i>, vol. 208, no. 2, 109365, 2023, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>.","havard":"J. Tholen, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, M. Upmann, Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter, Meat Science. 208 (2023).","van":"Tholen J, Grosse-Kleimann J, Schulze Althoff G, Kreienbrock L, Upmann M. Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. Meat Science. 2023;208(2).","chicago":"Tholen, Janna, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, and Matthias Upmann. “Type, Areal Extent and Localization of Carcass Contaminations during Industrial Pig Slaughter.” <i>Meat Science</i> 208, no. 2 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>.","apa":"Tholen, J., Grosse-Kleimann, J., Schulze Althoff, G., Kreienbrock, L., &#38; Upmann, M. (2023). Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i>, <i>208</i>(2), Article 109365. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>","ama":"Tholen J, Grosse-Kleimann J, Schulze Althoff G, Kreienbrock L, Upmann M. Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. <i>Meat Science</i>. 2023;208(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>","ieee":"J. Tholen, J. Grosse-Kleimann, G. Schulze Althoff, L. Kreienbrock, and M. Upmann, “Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter,” <i>Meat Science</i>, vol. 208, no. 2, Art. no. 109365, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365\">10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365</a>."},"title":"Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter","pmid":"1","status":"public","external_id":{"isi":["001111539700001"],"pmid":["37939509"]},"year":"2023","author":[{"full_name":"Tholen, Janna","last_name":"Tholen","first_name":"Janna","id":"80924"},{"full_name":"Grosse-Kleimann, J.","first_name":"J.","last_name":"Grosse-Kleimann"},{"full_name":"Schulze Althoff, G.","first_name":"G.","last_name":"Schulze Althoff"},{"first_name":"L.","full_name":"Kreienbrock, L.","last_name":"Kreienbrock"},{"id":"12666","full_name":"Upmann, Matthias","last_name":"Upmann","first_name":"Matthias"}],"intvolume":"       208","user_id":"83781","type":"scientific_journal_article","article_number":"109365","doi":"10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365","_id":"13012","place":"London [u.a.]","publication_status":"published","isi":"1","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier BV","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The aim of the study is to provide an up-to date overall evaluation of visual contamination occurring on the slaughter line in order to provide a basis for implementing contamination control measures and to the hygienic quality of the processes. For this purpose, 627 contaminated pig carcasses in an industrial slaughterhouse in north western Germany were examined in 2021 for its distribution of type, areal extent and localization of slaughter contamination. Prior to official meat inspection, two persons visually scanned dorsal and ventral surfaces of the eviscerated but not yet split pig carcasses from cranial to caudal and recorded types, areal extent and localization of the contamination. The main contamination type were intestinal contents, bile, stomach contents, tubular rail fat and “others”, which mostly consisted of a reddish foam from the respiratory tract. 103 out of 627 contaminated animals showed more than one contamination, which leads to a total number of 754 contaminations detected. Intestinal contents accounted for almost half of all contaminations and “others” for 30%. Forelimb, back and ham together counted for 70% of the contaminated regions. The affected area was smaller than that of a one euro coin (diameter about 23 mm) in 86% of the cases."}],"issue":"2","department":[{"_id":"DEP4029"}]}]