---
_id: '10333'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The wood from oil palm trunks exhibits significant variations in distribution
of structural tissue, density and elastomechanical properties across and along
the trunk. Its reliable, safe, and economic usage for load-bearing purposes, such
as glued laminated timber (GLT), requires a precise definition of its elastomechanical
properties through appropriate strength grading procedures. Oil palm lumber is
strength graded according to its density using an X-ray technique in which 50
% of the lamellas are ripped, graded, edge glued and therefore density homogenized,
and 50 % are cut only according to their geometry. Lamellas are tested in tension
parallel to the vascular bundles; combined GLT is produced from strength-graded
lamellas and tested in bending parallel and compression parallel and perpendicular
to the vascular bundles. The characteristic strength values for C10 and C14 according
to EN 338 are achieved. A correlation between density and elastomechanical properties
is estab-lished. GLT from density-homogenized lamellas achieve higher bending
properties than from lamellas with a “natural” density gradient across the width.
author:
- first_name: Katja
full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja
id: '26232'
last_name: Frühwald-König
citation:
ama: Frühwald-König K. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. (Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, eds.).
Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023:638-646. doi:https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087
apa: 'Frühwald-König, K. (2023). Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. In A. Q. Nyrud, K. A. Malo, &
K. Nore (Eds.), Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering :
WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway (pp. 638–646). Curran Associates,
Inc. . https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087'
bjps: 'Frühwald-König K (2023) Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Nyrud AQ, Malo KA and Nore
K (eds). Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. .'
chicago: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Edited by Andres Q. Nyrud,
Kjell Arne Malo, and Kristine Nore. Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference
on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook,
NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
chicago-de: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. 2023. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued
Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Hg. von Andres Q.
Nyrud, Kjell Arne Malo, und Kristine Nore. Timber for a livable future : World
Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway .
Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. . doi:https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja
; Nyrud, A. Q. ; Malo,
K. A. ; Nore, K. (Hrsg.):
Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded
Oil Palm Lumber. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023'
havard: K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY,
USA , 2023.
ieee: 'K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates,
Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–646. doi: https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
mla: 'Frühwald-König, Katja. “Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber.” Timber for a Livable Future : World
Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway ,
edited by Andres Q. Nyrud et al., Curran Associates, Inc. , 2023, pp. 638–46,
https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087.'
short: K. Frühwald-König, Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber
Made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, Curran Associates, Inc. , Red Hook, NY,
USA , 2023.
ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja: Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated
Timber made of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber, hg. von Nyrud, Andres Q./Malo,
Kjell Arne/Nore, Kristine, Red Hook, NY, USA 2023.'
van: 'Frühwald-König K. Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made
of Strength Graded Oil Palm Lumber. Nyrud AQ, Malo KA, Nore K, editors. Timber
for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22
June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc. ; 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-06-22
location: Oslo, Norway
name: 13. World Conference on Timber Engineering WCTE 2023
start_date: 2023-06-19
date_created: 2023-09-14T18:30:58Z
date_updated: 2023-10-25T12:59:07Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0087
editor:
- first_name: Andres Q.
full_name: Nyrud, Andres Q.
last_name: Nyrud
- first_name: 'Kjell Arne '
full_name: 'Malo, Kjell Arne '
last_name: Malo
- first_name: Kristine
full_name: Nore, Kristine
last_name: Nore
keyword:
- Oil palm lumber
- glue laminated timber
- GLT
- strength grading
- elastomechanical properties
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: www.proceedings.com/69179.html
page: 638-646
place: 'Red Hook, NY, USA '
publication: 'Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering
: WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway '
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- '9781713873273'
isbn:
- '9781713873297'
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Curran Associates, Inc. '
status: public
title: Elastomechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber made of Strength Graded
Oil Palm Lumber
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '26232'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10602'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable
to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material
is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower
density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE)
and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM
and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis.
Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results
of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant
differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material,
are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point
for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.
author:
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Hackel, Martin
id: '79798'
last_name: Hackel
citation:
ama: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. (Nyrud AQ, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige
universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , Arkitektur- og
designhøgskolen i Oslo, eds.). Curran Associates, Inc.; 2023. doi:10.52202/069179-0088
apa: 'Hackel, M. (2023). FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. In A. Q. Nyrud, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige
universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , & Arkitektur-
og designhøgskolen i Oslo (Eds.), Timber for a livable future : World Conference
on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Curran
Associates, Inc. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088'
bjps: 'Hackel M (2023) FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE
LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Nyrud AQ et al. (eds). Red Hook,
NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc.'
chicago: 'Hackel, Martin. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Edited by Anders Q. Nyrud, Norges miljø-
og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
, and Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. Timber for a Livable Future :
World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway
. Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc., 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.'
chicago-de: 'Hackel, Martin. 2023. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Hg. von Anders Q. Nyrud,
Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige
universitet , und Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. Timber for a livable
future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023,
Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc. doi:10.52202/069179-0088,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Hackel, Martin ; Nyrud, A. Q. ; Norges
miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet ; Norges
teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet ; Arkitektur-
og designhøgskolen i Oslo (Hrsg.): FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD
BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Red Hook, NY, USA :
Curran Associates, Inc., 2023'
havard: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 2023.
ieee: 'M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc., 2023.
doi: 10.52202/069179-0088.'
mla: 'Hackel, Martin. “FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.” Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference
on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway , edited
by Anders Q. Nyrud et al., Curran Associates, Inc., 2023, https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.'
short: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 2023.
ufg: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, hg. von Nyrud, Anders Q. u. a., Red Hook,
NY, USA 2023.'
van: 'Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Nyrud AQ, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet
, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen
i Oslo, editors. Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering :
WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates,
Inc.; 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-06-22
location: Oslo (Norwegen)
name: 13th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
start_date: 2023-06-19
corporate_editor:
- 'Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet '
- 'Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet '
- Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo
date_created: 2023-10-26T13:59:52Z
date_updated: 2024-06-03T14:10:01Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.52202/069179-0088
editor:
- first_name: 'Anders Q. '
full_name: 'Nyrud, Anders Q. '
last_name: Nyrud
keyword:
- Oil palm wood
- finite element method (FEM)
- GLT
- modulus of elasticity
- flexural strength
language:
- iso: eng
place: Red Hook, NY, USA
publication: 'Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering
: WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway '
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-1-7138-7327-3
isbn:
- 978-1-7138-7329-7
publication_status: published
publisher: Curran Associates, Inc.
status: public
title: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10786'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable
to common wood species\r\nused in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the
material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a\r\nparenchymatous
tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli
of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined
using FEM and various influencing parameters are\r\ninvestigated in a sensitivity
analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied.
The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests.
Significant differences, mainly attributed to the\r\nspecific parameters of the
selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as
a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based
products."
author:
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Hackel, Martin
id: '79798'
last_name: Hackel
citation:
ama: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE
2023); 2023:647-656. doi:10.52202/069179-0088
apa: Hackel, M. (2023). FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. In World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023) (pp. 647–656). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023).
https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088
bjps: Hackel M (2023) FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE
LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023).
chicago: Hackel, Martin. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.
chicago-de: Hackel, Martin. 2023. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on
Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE
2023). doi:10.52202/069179-0088,
.
din1505-2-1: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL
PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD :
World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023'
havard: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023),
2023.
ieee: 'M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE
2023), 2023, pp. 647–656. doi: 10.52202/069179-0088.'
mla: Hackel, Martin. “FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.” World Conference on Timber Engineering
(WCTE 2023), World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023, pp.
647–56, https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.
short: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023),
2023.
ufg: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED
TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, o. O. 2023.'
van: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023).
World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023); 2023.
conference:
end_date: 2023-06-22
location: Oslo (Norwegen)
name: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
start_date: 2023-06-19
date_created: 2023-11-21T07:44:35Z
date_updated: 2025-05-24T13:21:52Z
department:
- _id: DEP7018
- _id: DEP1309
doi: 10.52202/069179-0088
keyword:
- Oil palm wood
- finite element method (FEM)
- GLT
- modulus of elasticity
- flexural strength
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-0088open.pdf
oa: '1'
page: 647-656
publication: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
publication_status: published
publisher: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)
status: public
title: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '79798'
year: '2023'
...