---
_id: '12212'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Water quality and hypoxia in lakes and reservoirs are strongly associated
    with water renewal. Yet vertical water exchange is still not fully understood
    and challenging to evaluate in highly dynamic systems. Here, we applied a scaling
    approach using the vertical timescale, vertical water age (VWA), defined as time
    since a water parcel last touched the water surface. We established a 3D hydrodynamic-based
    age model to quantify the vertical water renewal in Xiangxi Bay, a tributary bay
    of the Three Gorges Dam. The integrated effects of hydrodynamic processes like
    stratification, intruding density currents from the mainstream, and upstream inflow
    on the vertical renewal were accounted for. Results indicated that the spatial–temporal
    distribution of VWA in Xiangxi Bay depended on stratification and forms of intruding
    density currents. Age was large in spring and summer, and small in autumn and
    winter, reaching a maximum of 25 days in April. The vertical water renewal was
    faster during bottom intrusions from the mainstream than during middle and surface
    intrusions. At times, the epilimnion contained old water due to circulations,
    and the hypolimnion contained young water due to upstream flushing. In contrast
    to natural lakes, the bottom water was often younger than overlying intermediate
    waters. This demonstrated that mixed layer depth was insufficient to fully capture
    the vertical exchange in riverine systems with significant surface/bottom intrusion.
    The findings suggested VWA as a quantitative measure of vertical water transport
    in highly dynamic systems and its usability for environmental water management.
article_number: '130701'
author:
- first_name: Bo
  full_name: Gai, Bo
  last_name: Gai
- first_name: Bertram
  full_name: Boehrer, Bertram
  last_name: Boehrer
- first_name: Jian
  full_name: Sun, Jian
  last_name: Sun
- first_name: Yuanyi
  full_name: Li, Yuanyi
  last_name: Li
- first_name: Binliang
  full_name: Lin, Binliang
  last_name: Lin
- first_name: Tom
  full_name: Shatwell, Tom
  id: '86424'
  last_name: Shatwell
  orcid: 0000-0002-4520-7916
citation:
  ama: Gai B, Boehrer B, Sun J, Li Y, Lin B, Shatwell T. Vertical water age and water
    renewal in a large riverine reservoir. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>. 2024;631(3).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701</a>
  apa: Gai, B., Boehrer, B., Sun, J., Li, Y., Lin, B., &#38; Shatwell, T. (2024).
    Vertical water age and water renewal in a large riverine reservoir. <i>Journal
    of Hydrology</i>, <i>631</i>(3), Article 130701. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701</a>
  bjps: <b>Gai B <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) Vertical Water Age and Water Renewal in
    a Large Riverine Reservoir. <i>Journal of Hydrology</i> <b>631</b>.
  chicago: Gai, Bo, Bertram Boehrer, Jian Sun, Yuanyi Li, Binliang Lin, and Tom Shatwell.
    “Vertical Water Age and Water Renewal in a Large Riverine Reservoir.” <i>Journal
    of Hydrology</i> 631, no. 3 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701</a>.
  chicago-de: Gai, Bo, Bertram Boehrer, Jian Sun, Yuanyi Li, Binliang Lin und Tom
    Shatwell. 2024. Vertical water age and water renewal in a large riverine reservoir.
    <i>Journal of Hydrology</i> 631, Nr. 3. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gai, Bo</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Boehrer,
    Bertram</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Sun, Jian</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Li, Yuanyi</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lin,
    Binliang</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shatwell, Tom</span>:
    Vertical water age and water renewal in a large riverine reservoir. In: <i>Journal
    of Hydrology</i> Bd. 631. Amsterdam, Elsevier BV (2024), Nr. 3'
  havard: B. Gai, B. Boehrer, J. Sun, Y. Li, B. Lin, T. Shatwell, Vertical water age
    and water renewal in a large riverine reservoir, Journal of Hydrology. 631 (2024).
  ieee: 'B. Gai, B. Boehrer, J. Sun, Y. Li, B. Lin, and T. Shatwell, “Vertical water
    age and water renewal in a large riverine reservoir,” <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>,
    vol. 631, no. 3, Art. no. 130701, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701">10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701</a>.'
  mla: Gai, Bo, et al. “Vertical Water Age and Water Renewal in a Large Riverine Reservoir.”
    <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, vol. 631, no. 3, 130701, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701</a>.
  short: B. Gai, B. Boehrer, J. Sun, Y. Li, B. Lin, T. Shatwell, Journal of Hydrology
    631 (2024).
  ufg: '<b>Gai, Bo u. a.</b>: Vertical water age and water renewal in a large riverine
    reservoir, in: <i>Journal of Hydrology</i> 631 (2024), H. 3.'
  van: Gai B, Boehrer B, Sun J, Li Y, Lin B, Shatwell T. Vertical water age and water
    renewal in a large riverine reservoir. Journal of Hydrology. 2024;631(3).
date_created: 2024-12-08T19:37:43Z
date_updated: 2024-12-11T14:03:33Z
department:
- _id: DEP8022
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130701
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       631'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Vertical water renewal
- Water age
- Thermal stratification
- Hypoxia
- 3D hydrodynamic-based age model
- Water environmental management
language:
- iso: eng
place: Amsterdam
publication: Journal of Hydrology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1879-2707
  issn:
  - 0022-1694
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Vertical water age and water renewal in a large riverine reservoir
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 631
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '12215'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Water-level reduction frequently occurs in deep reservoirs, but its effect
    on dissolved oxygen concentration is not well understood. In this study we used
    a well-established water quality model to illustrate effects of water level dynamics
    on oxygen concentration in Rappbode Reservoir, Germany. We then systematically
    elucidated the potential of selective withdrawal to control hypoxia under changing
    water levels. Our results documented a gradual decrease of hypolimnetic oxygen
    concentration under decreasing water level, and hypoxia occurred when the initial
    level was lower than 410 m a.s.l (71 m relative to the reservoir bottom). We also
    suggested that changes of hypoxic region, under increasing hypolimnetic withdrawal
    discharge, followed a unimodal trajectory with the maximum hypoxic area projected
    under the discharge between 3 m3/sec and 4 m3/sec. Besides, our results illustrated
    the extent of hypoxia was most effectively inhibited if the withdrawal strategy
    was applied at the end of stratification with the outlet elevation at the deepest
    part of the reservoir. Moreover, hypoxia can be totally avoided under a hybrid
    elevation withdrawal strategy using surface withdrawal during early and mid stratification,
    and deep withdrawal at the end of stratification. We further confirmed the decisive
    role of thermal structure in the formation of hypoxia under water-level reduction
    and withdrawal strategies. We believe the conclusions from this study can be applied
    to many deep waters in the temperate zone, and the results should guide stakeholders
    to mitigate negative impacts of hypoxia on aquatic ecosystems.
author:
- first_name: Chenxi
  full_name: Mi, Chenxi
  last_name: Mi
- first_name: Karsten
  full_name: Rinke, Karsten
  last_name: Rinke
- first_name: Tom
  full_name: Shatwell, Tom
  id: '86424'
  last_name: Shatwell
  orcid: 0000-0002-4520-7916
citation:
  ama: Mi C, Rinke K, Shatwell T. Optimizing selective withdrawal strategies to mitigate
    hypoxia under water-level reduction in Germany’s largest drinking water reservoir.
    <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i>. 2024;146(12):127-139. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025">10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025</a>
  apa: Mi, C., Rinke, K., &#38; Shatwell, T. (2024). Optimizing selective withdrawal
    strategies to mitigate hypoxia under water-level reduction in Germany’s largest
    drinking water reservoir. <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i>, <i>146</i>(12),
    127–139. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025</a>
  bjps: <b>Mi C, Rinke K and Shatwell T</b> (2024) Optimizing Selective Withdrawal
    Strategies to Mitigate Hypoxia under Water-Level Reduction in Germany’s Largest
    Drinking Water Reservoir. <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i> <b>146</b>,
    127–139.
  chicago: 'Mi, Chenxi, Karsten Rinke, and Tom Shatwell. “Optimizing Selective Withdrawal
    Strategies to Mitigate Hypoxia under Water-Level Reduction in Germany’s Largest
    Drinking Water Reservoir.” <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i> 146, no. 12
    (2024): 127–39. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Mi, Chenxi, Karsten Rinke und Tom Shatwell. 2024. Optimizing selective
    withdrawal strategies to mitigate hypoxia under water-level reduction in Germany’s
    largest drinking water reservoir. <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i> 146,
    Nr. 12: 127–139. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025">10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mi, Chenxi</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rinke,
    Karsten</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shatwell, Tom</span>:
    Optimizing selective withdrawal strategies to mitigate hypoxia under water-level
    reduction in Germany’s largest drinking water reservoir. In: <i>Journal of Environmental
    Sciences</i> Bd. 146. Amsterdam, Elsevier BV (2024), Nr. 12, S. 127–139'
  havard: C. Mi, K. Rinke, T. Shatwell, Optimizing selective withdrawal strategies
    to mitigate hypoxia under water-level reduction in Germany’s largest drinking
    water reservoir, Journal of Environmental Sciences. 146 (2024) 127–139.
  ieee: 'C. Mi, K. Rinke, and T. Shatwell, “Optimizing selective withdrawal strategies
    to mitigate hypoxia under water-level reduction in Germany’s largest drinking
    water reservoir,” <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i>, vol. 146, no. 12,
    pp. 127–139, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025">10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025</a>.'
  mla: Mi, Chenxi, et al. “Optimizing Selective Withdrawal Strategies to Mitigate
    Hypoxia under Water-Level Reduction in Germany’s Largest Drinking Water Reservoir.”
    <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i>, vol. 146, no. 12, 2024, pp. 127–39,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025</a>.
  short: C. Mi, K. Rinke, T. Shatwell, Journal of Environmental Sciences 146 (2024)
    127–139.
  ufg: '<b>Mi, Chenxi/Rinke, Karsten/Shatwell, Tom</b>: Optimizing selective withdrawal
    strategies to mitigate hypoxia under water-level reduction in Germany’s largest
    drinking water reservoir, in: <i>Journal of Environmental Sciences</i> 146 (2024),
    H. 12,  S. 127–139.'
  van: Mi C, Rinke K, Shatwell T. Optimizing selective withdrawal strategies to mitigate
    hypoxia under water-level reduction in Germany’s largest drinking water reservoir.
    Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2024;146(12):127–39.
date_created: 2024-12-08T19:42:28Z
date_updated: 2024-12-11T13:49:18Z
department:
- _id: DEP8022
doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.025
intvolume: '       146'
issue: '12'
keyword:
- Hypoxia
- Water-level reduction
- Hypolimnetic water withdrawal
- Stratification phenology
- Water quality simulation
- Sediment oxygen demand
language:
- iso: eng
page: 127-139
place: Amsterdam
publication: Journal of Environmental Sciences
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1878-7320
  issn:
  - 1001-0742
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Optimizing selective withdrawal strategies to mitigate hypoxia under water-level
  reduction in Germany's largest drinking water reservoir
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 146
year: '2024'
...