---
_id: '13678'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The previous methodology for optimizing CO2 emissions and electricity costs
    in industrial applications is extended by integrating dynamic load shifting with
    battery energy storage. Building on earlier work that employed Mixed-Integer Linear
    Programming (MILP) to manage a stationary battery based on real-time electricity
    prices and CO2 intensity signals, two industrial machines and one electric vehicle
    (EV) are now incorporated as additional shiftable loads. These new elements introduce
    further operational constraints while enhancing energy management flexibility.
    The framework employs an adjustable weighting factor λ to balance environmental
    impact and cost, and comparative analyses across three scenarios—battery-only,
    load-shifting-only, and combined—demonstrate nearly additive CO2 reductions alongside
    non-additive cost improvements, underscoring the synergistic potential for environmental
    benefits despite diminishing cost returns. Moreover, validation against dynamic
    programming confirms the MILP approach’s accuracy and computational efficiency.
author:
- first_name: Seyed Davood
  full_name: Mousavi, Seyed Davood
  id: '79148'
  last_name: Mousavi
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Schulte, Thomas
  id: '46242'
  last_name: Schulte
citation:
  ama: Mousavi SD, Schulte T. <i>Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for CO2 Reduction and
    Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories</i>. (University of Buner,
    Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye, ICECCE, eds.). IEEE; 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530">10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530</a>
  apa: Mousavi, S. D., &#38; Schulte, T. (2026). Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for
    CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories. In University
    of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye &#38; ICECCE (Eds.), <i>2025
    5th International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET)</i>.
    IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530">https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530</a>
  bjps: '<b>Mousavi SD and Schulte T</b> (2026) <i>Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for
    CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories</i>, University
    of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye and ICECCE (eds). [Piscataway,
    NJ]: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Mousavi, Seyed Davood, and Thomas Schulte. <i>Enhanced Dynamic Optimization
    for CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories</i>.
    Edited by University of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye and ICECCE.
    <i>2025 5th International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies
    (ICECET)</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530">https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Mousavi, Seyed Davood und Thomas Schulte. 2026. <i>Enhanced Dynamic
    Optimization for CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart
    Factories</i>. Hg. von University of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye
    und ICECCE. <i>2025 5th International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy
    Technologies (ICECET)</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530">10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mousavi, Seyed Davood</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schulte, Thomas</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">University
    of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ICECCE</span>
    (Hrsg.): <i>Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through
    Load Shifting in Smart Factories</i>. [Piscataway, NJ] : IEEE, 2026'
  havard: S.D. Mousavi, T. Schulte, Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for CO2 Reduction
    and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories, IEEE, [Piscataway,
    NJ], 2026.
  ieee: 'S. D. Mousavi and T. Schulte, <i>Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for CO2 Reduction
    and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]:
    IEEE, 2026. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530">10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530</a>.'
  mla: Mousavi, Seyed Davood, and Thomas Schulte. “Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for
    CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories.” <i>2025
    5th International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET)</i>,
    edited by University of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye and ICECCE,
    IEEE, 2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530">https://doi.org/10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530</a>.
  short: S.D. Mousavi, T. Schulte, Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for CO2 Reduction
    and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories, IEEE, [Piscataway,
    NJ], 2026.
  ufg: '<b>Mousavi, Seyed Davood/Schulte, Thomas</b>: Enhanced Dynamic Optimization
    for CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories, hg.
    von University of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye, ICECCE, [Piscataway,
    NJ] 2026.'
  van: 'Mousavi SD, Schulte T. Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for CO2 Reduction and
    Cost Savings through Load Shifting in Smart Factories. University of Buner, Pakistan;
    Altinbas University, Türkiye, ICECCE, editors. 2025 5th International Conference
    on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET). [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE;
    2026.'
conference:
  end_date: 2025-07-06
  location: 'Paris, France '
  name: 5th International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies
    (ICECET)
  start_date: 2025-07-03
corporate_editor:
- University of Buner, Pakistan; Altinbas University, Türkiye
- ICECCE
date_created: 2026-04-10T07:15:51Z
date_updated: 2026-04-13T09:32:58Z
department:
- _id: DEP6020
- _id: DEP5022
doi: 10.1109/icecet63943.2025.11472530
keyword:
- Feeds
- Antennas
- System-on-chip
- Application specific integrated circuits
- Life cycle assessment
- Product lifecycle management
- Radio access networks
- Regional area networks
- Smart devices
- OWL
language:
- iso: eng
place: '[Piscataway, NJ]'
publication: 2025 5th International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy
  Technologies (ICECET)
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 979-8-3315-3559-9
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Enhanced Dynamic Optimization for CO2 Reduction and Cost Savings through Load
  Shifting in Smart Factories
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '13224'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This paper presents a robust methodology for optimizing CO2 emissions and
    electricity costs in industrial applications, with the aim of developing a flexible
    and dynamic energy management strategy that balances sustainability and cost-efficiency.
    Addressing the growing need for sustainable and economically viable energy solutions
    amidst the global urgency of climate change mitigation, the proposed approach
    is based on dynamic energy management techniques that minimize dependence on grid
    electricity, which can fluctuate between energy import and export. A flexible
    cost function is developed to simultaneously account for CO2 emissions and electricity
    prices, enabling a balance between environmental impact and operational costs.
    The optimization framework employs Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to
    derive the optimal energy management strategy, showcasing significant potential
    for reducing both CO2 emissions and electricity costs. Although the methodology
    is demonstrated in a specific industrial setting, its flexible design ensures
    applicability across various energy profiles and operational scenarios, making
    it relevant for a wide range of industrial applications.
author:
- first_name: Seyed Davood
  full_name: Mousavi, Seyed Davood
  id: '79148'
  last_name: Mousavi
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Griese, Martin
  id: '52308'
  last_name: Griese
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Schulte, Thomas
  id: '46242'
  last_name: Schulte
citation:
  ama: Mousavi SD, Griese M, Schulte T. <i>Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub>
    Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories</i>. IEEE; 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418">10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418</a>
  apa: Mousavi, S. D., Griese, M., &#38; Schulte, T. (2024). Dynamic Optimization
    of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories. In <i>2024
    International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches (ICECER)</i>.
    2024 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches
    (ICECER), Gaborone, Botswana . IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418">https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418</a>
  bjps: '<b>Mousavi SD, Griese M and Schulte T</b> (2024) <i>Dynamic Optimization
    of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories</i>. [Piscataway,
    NJ]: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Mousavi, Seyed Davood, Martin Griese, and Thomas Schulte. <i>Dynamic Optimization
    of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories</i>. <i>2024
    International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches (ICECER)</i>.
    [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418">https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Mousavi, Seyed Davood, Martin Griese und Thomas Schulte. 2024. <i>Dynamic
    Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories</i>.
    <i>2024 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches
    (ICECER)</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418">10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mousavi, Seyed Davood</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Griese, Martin</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schulte,
    Thomas</span>: <i>Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and Electricity
    Costs in Smart Factories</i>. [Piscataway, NJ] : IEEE, 2024'
  havard: S.D. Mousavi, M. Griese, T. Schulte, Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub>
    Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories, IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2024.
  ieee: 'S. D. Mousavi, M. Griese, and T. Schulte, <i>Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub>
    Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories</i>. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE,
    2024. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418">10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418</a>.'
  mla: Mousavi, Seyed Davood, et al. “Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions
    and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories.” <i>2024 International Conference on
    Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches (ICECER)</i>, IEEE, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418">https://doi.org/10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418</a>.
  short: S.D. Mousavi, M. Griese, T. Schulte, Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub>
    Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories, IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2024.
  ufg: '<b>Mousavi, Seyed Davood/Griese, Martin/Schulte, Thomas</b>: Dynamic Optimization
    of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories, [Piscataway,
    NJ] 2024.'
  van: 'Mousavi SD, Griese M, Schulte T. Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions
    and Electricity Costs in Smart Factories. 2024 International Conference on Electrical
    and Computer Engineering Researches (ICECER). [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE; 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-12-06
  location: 'Gaborone, Botswana '
  name: 2024 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering Researches
    (ICECER)
  start_date: 2024-12-04
date_created: 2025-09-29T09:36:25Z
date_updated: 2025-10-06T13:05:59Z
department:
- _id: DEP6020
- _id: DEP5022
doi: 10.1109/icecer62944.2024.10920418
keyword:
- CO2 Reduction
- Electricity Cost Minimization
- Life Cycle Assessment
- MILP
- Smart-E-Factory
- Dynamic Energy Management
language:
- iso: eng
place: '[Piscataway, NJ]'
publication: 2024 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering
  Researches (ICECER)
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Dynamic Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions and Electricity Costs in Smart
  Factories
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '12788'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The product environmental footprint (PEF) is one of two life cycle assessment
    methods from the European Commission. With their published recommendation on environmental
    footprint methods, the European Commission provides a framework to assess the
    PEF for every product in a company. Since there is a high probability that the
    PEF will be mandatory for companies shortly, it is crucial that this recommendation
    guides companies and mainly technical employees through all phases of the PEF
    and enables them to execute a PEF study correctly. Therefore, this paper aims
    to analyze the process of calculating a PEF for a product critically. A PEF study
    is conducted on a smart luminaire with the software program OpenLCA. The use case
    concludes that many aspects of the PEF still need to be clarified. Especially
    the calculation methods behind every impact category need to be more transparent.
    Further, a comparison of the use case with a provided tutorial from OpenLCA is
    made. The comparison shows that no information is available on how to model the
    end-of-life and the use stages, which are mandatory in a PEF study. (c) 2023 The
    Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
author:
- first_name: Viktoria
  full_name: Mordaschew, Viktoria
  id: '79005'
  last_name: Mordaschew
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Tackenberg, Sven
  id: '71470'
  last_name: Tackenberg
citation:
  ama: Mordaschew V, Tackenberg S. <i>The Product Environmental Footprint – A Critical
    Review</i>. Vol 232. (Longo F, Shen W, Padovano A, eds.). Elsevier BV; 2024:493-503.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049">10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049</a>
  apa: Mordaschew, V., &#38; Tackenberg, S. (2024). The Product Environmental Footprint
    – A Critical Review. In F. Longo, W. Shen, &#38; A. Padovano (Eds.), <i>5th International
    Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM)</i> (Vol. 232, pp. 493–503).
    Elsevier BV. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049</a>
  bjps: '<b>Mordaschew V and Tackenberg S</b> (2024) <i>The Product Environmental
    Footprint – A Critical Review</i>, Longo F, Shen W and Padovano A (eds). Amsterdam:
    Elsevier BV.'
  chicago: 'Mordaschew, Viktoria, and Sven Tackenberg. <i>The Product Environmental
    Footprint – A Critical Review</i>. Edited by F. Longo, W. Shen, and A. Padovano.
    <i>5th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM)</i>.
    Vol. 232. Procedia Computer Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Mordaschew, Viktoria und Sven Tackenberg. 2024. <i>The Product Environmental
    Footprint – A Critical Review</i>. Hg. von F. Longo, W. Shen, und A. Padovano.
    <i>5th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM)</i>.
    Bd. 232. Procedia Computer Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049">10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mordaschew, Viktoria</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Tackenberg, Sven</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Longo,
    F.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shen, W.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Padovano,
    A.</span> (Hrsg.): <i>The Product Environmental Footprint – A Critical Review</i>,
    <i>Procedia Computer Science</i>. Bd. 232. Amsterdam : Elsevier BV, 2024'
  havard: V. Mordaschew, S. Tackenberg, The Product Environmental Footprint – A Critical
    Review, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, 2024.
  ieee: 'V. Mordaschew and S. Tackenberg, <i>The Product Environmental Footprint –
    A Critical Review</i>, vol. 232. Amsterdam: Elsevier BV, 2024, pp. 493–503. doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049">10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049</a>.'
  mla: Mordaschew, Viktoria, and Sven Tackenberg. “The Product Environmental Footprint
    – A Critical Review.” <i>5th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart
    Manufacturing (ISM)</i>, edited by F. Longo et al., vol. 232, Elsevier BV, 2024,
    pp. 493–503, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049</a>.
  short: V. Mordaschew, S. Tackenberg, The Product Environmental Footprint – A Critical
    Review, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam, 2024.
  ufg: '<b>Mordaschew, Viktoria/Tackenberg, Sven</b>: The Product Environmental Footprint
    – A Critical Review, Bd. 232, hg. von Longo, F./Shen, W./Padovano, A., Amsterdam
    2024 (Procedia Computer Science).'
  van: 'Mordaschew V, Tackenberg S. The Product Environmental Footprint – A Critical
    Review. Longo F, Shen W, Padovano A, editors. 5th International Conference on
    Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM). Amsterdam: Elsevier BV; 2024. (Procedia
    Computer Science; vol. 232).'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-11-24
  location: Lisbon, PORTUGAL
  name: 5th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM)
  start_date: 2023-11-22
date_created: 2025-04-15T08:01:11Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:43:49Z
department:
- _id: DEP7020
doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.049
editor:
- first_name: F.
  full_name: Longo, F.
  last_name: Longo
- first_name: W.
  full_name: Shen, W.
  last_name: Shen
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Padovano, A.
  last_name: Padovano
intvolume: '       232'
keyword:
- Product Environmental Footprint
- Life Cycle Assessment
- Sustainability
- Cyber-physical Systems
language:
- iso: eng
page: 493-503
place: Amsterdam
publication: 5th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
  (ISM)
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1877-0509
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
series_title: Procedia Computer Science
status: public
title: The Product Environmental Footprint – A Critical Review
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 232
year: '2024'
...