---
_id: '11283'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Introduction: In recent decades, there has been a rise in mental illnesses.
    Community infrastructures are increasingly acknowledged as important for sustaining
    good mental health. Moreover, green spaces are anticipated to offer advantages
    for both mental health and social cohesion. However, the mediating pathway between
    green space, social cohesion and mental health and especially the proximity and
    characteristics of green spaces that trigger these potential effects remain of
    interest. Methods: We gathered data from 1365 individuals on self-reported social
    cohesion and mental health across four satellite districts in European cities:
    Nantes (France), Porto (Portugal), Sofia (Bulgaria), and Hoje-Taastrup (Denmark).
    Green space data from OpenStreetMap was manually adjusted using the PRIGSHARE
    guidelines. We used the AID-PRIGSHARE tool to generate 7 indicators about green
    space characteristics measured in distances from 100-1500 m, every 100 m. This
    resulted in 105 different green space variables that we tested in a single mediation
    model with structural equation modelling. Results: Accessible greenness (900-1400
    m), accessible green spaces (900-1500 m), accessible green space corridors (300-800
    m), accessible total green space (300-800), and mix of green space uses (700-1100
    m) were significantly associated with social cohesion and indirectly with mental
    health. Green corridors also showed negative indirect and direct associations
    with mental health in larger distances. Surrounding greenness and the quantity
    of green space uses were not associated with social cohesion nor indirectly with
    mental health. We also observed no positive direct associations between any green
    space variable in any distance to mental health. Conclusions: Our results suggest
    that accessibility, connectivity, mix of use and proximity are key characteristics
    that drive the relationship between green spaces, social cohesion and mental health.
    This gives further guidance to urban planners and decision-makers on how to design
    urban green spaces to foster social cohesion and improve mental health.'
article_number: '128230'
author:
- first_name: Marcel
  full_name: Cardinali, Marcel
  id: '58462'
  last_name: Cardinali
  orcid: 0000-0002-8841-9345
- first_name: Mariëlle A.
  full_name: Beenackers, Mariëlle A.
  last_name: Beenackers
- first_name: Ghozlane
  full_name: Fleury-Bahi, Ghozlane
  last_name: Fleury-Bahi
- first_name: Philippe
  full_name: Bodénan, Philippe
  last_name: Bodénan
- first_name: Milena Tasheva
  full_name: Petrova, Milena Tasheva
  last_name: Petrova
- first_name: Arjan
  full_name: van Timmeren, Arjan
  last_name: van Timmeren
- first_name: Uta
  full_name: Pottgiesser, Uta
  id: '27166'
  last_name: Pottgiesser
  orcid: 0000-0002-8594-3168
citation:
  ama: 'Cardinali M, Beenackers MA, Fleury-Bahi G, et al. Examining green space characteristics
    for social cohesion and mental health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four
    European cities. <i>  Urban forestry &#38; urban greening</i>. 2024;93. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230">10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230</a>'
  apa: 'Cardinali, M., Beenackers, M. A., Fleury-Bahi, G., Bodénan, P., Petrova, M.
    T., van Timmeren, A., &#38; Pottgiesser, U. (2024). Examining green space characteristics
    for social cohesion and mental health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four
    European cities. <i>  Urban Forestry &#38; Urban Greening</i>, <i>93</i>, Article
    128230. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Cardinali M <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) Examining Green Space Characteristics
    for Social Cohesion and Mental Health Outcomes: A Sensitivity Analysis in Four
    European Cities. <i>  Urban forestry &#38; urban greening</i> <b>93</b>.'
  chicago: 'Cardinali, Marcel, Mariëlle A. Beenackers, Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi, Philippe
    Bodénan, Milena Tasheva Petrova, Arjan van Timmeren, and Uta Pottgiesser. “Examining
    Green Space Characteristics for Social Cohesion and Mental Health Outcomes: A
    Sensitivity Analysis in Four European Cities.” <i>  Urban Forestry &#38; Urban
    Greening</i> 93 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Cardinali, Marcel, Mariëlle A. Beenackers, Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi, Philippe
    Bodénan, Milena Tasheva Petrova, Arjan van Timmeren und Uta Pottgiesser. 2024.
    Examining green space characteristics for social cohesion and mental health outcomes:
    A sensitivity analysis in four European cities. <i>  Urban forestry &#38; urban
    greening</i> 93. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230">10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cardinali, Marcel</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Beenackers, Mariëlle A.</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Fleury-Bahi, Ghozlane</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bodénan,
    Philippe</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Petrova, Milena Tasheva</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">van Timmeren, Arjan</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pottgiesser,
    Uta</span>: Examining green space characteristics for social cohesion and mental
    health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four European cities. In: <i>  Urban
    forestry &#38; urban greening</i> Bd. 93. [Amsterdam] , Elsevier BV (2024)'
  havard: 'M. Cardinali, M.A. Beenackers, G. Fleury-Bahi, P. Bodénan, M.T. Petrova,
    A. van Timmeren, U. Pottgiesser, Examining green space characteristics for social
    cohesion and mental health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four European cities,
      Urban Forestry &#38; Urban Greening. 93 (2024).'
  ieee: 'M. Cardinali <i>et al.</i>, “Examining green space characteristics for social
    cohesion and mental health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four European cities,”
    <i>  Urban forestry &#38; urban greening</i>, vol. 93, Art. no. 128230, 2024,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230">10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230</a>.'
  mla: 'Cardinali, Marcel, et al. “Examining Green Space Characteristics for Social
    Cohesion and Mental Health Outcomes: A Sensitivity Analysis in Four European Cities.”
    <i>  Urban Forestry &#38; Urban Greening</i>, vol. 93, 128230, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230</a>.'
  short: M. Cardinali, M.A. Beenackers, G. Fleury-Bahi, P. Bodénan, M.T. Petrova,
    A. van Timmeren, U. Pottgiesser,   Urban Forestry &#38; Urban Greening 93 (2024).
  ufg: '<b>Cardinali, Marcel u. a.</b>: Examining green space characteristics for
    social cohesion and mental health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four European
    cities, in: <i>  Urban forestry &#38; urban greening</i> 93 (2024).'
  van: 'Cardinali M, Beenackers MA, Fleury-Bahi G, Bodénan P, Petrova MT, van Timmeren
    A, et al. Examining green space characteristics for social cohesion and mental
    health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four European cities.   Urban forestry
    &#38; urban greening. 2024;93.'
date_created: 2024-03-24T11:20:11Z
date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:43:06Z
department:
- _id: DEP1000
- _id: DEP1055
doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001181173100001'
intvolume: '        93'
isi: '1'
keyword:
- Soil Science
- Ecology
- Forestry
- Green space
- Mediation
- Social cohesion
- Well-being
- Structural equation modelling
language:
- iso: eng
place: '[Amsterdam] '
publication: '  Urban forestry & urban greening'
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1610-8167
  issn:
  - 1618-8667
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: 'Examining green space characteristics for social cohesion and mental health
  outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four European cities'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 93
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '13609'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to changes in the evaluation of a conditioned
    stimulus (CS) due to its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US).
    One of the most debated topics in EC research is whether or not EC is dependent
    on contingency awareness. In this study, we go beyond this debate by examining
    whether contingency awareness mediates the impact of attentional resources and
    goal-directed attention on EC. Attentional resources were manipulated by presenting
    CSs and USs either within the same modality or in different modalities. Goal-directed
    attention was manipulated by asking participants to respond to the CSs or to the
    USs. Results indicate that the effect of goal-directed attention on EC is mediated
    by contingency awareness, whereas the effect of attentional resources on EC is
    not.
author:
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Blask, Katharina
  last_name: Blask
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Walther, Eva
  last_name: Walther
- first_name: Georg
  full_name: Halbeisen, Georg
  id: '85780'
  last_name: Halbeisen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
- first_name: Rebecca
  full_name: Weil, Rebecca
  last_name: Weil
citation:
  ama: 'Blask K, Walther E, Halbeisen G, Weil R. At the crossroads: Attention, contingency
    awareness, and evaluative conditioning. <i>Learning and Motivation</i>. 2012;43(3):99-106.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004</a>'
  apa: 'Blask, K., Walther, E., Halbeisen, G., &#38; Weil, R. (2012). At the crossroads:
    Attention, contingency awareness, and evaluative conditioning. <i>Learning and
    Motivation</i>, <i>43</i>(3), 99–106. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Blask K <i>et al.</i></b> (2012) At the Crossroads: Attention, Contingency
    Awareness, and Evaluative Conditioning. <i>Learning and Motivation</i> <b>43</b>,
    99–106.'
  chicago: 'Blask, Katharina, Eva Walther, Georg Halbeisen, and Rebecca Weil. “At
    the Crossroads: Attention, Contingency Awareness, and Evaluative Conditioning.”
    <i>Learning and Motivation</i> 43, no. 3 (2012): 99–106. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Blask, Katharina, Eva Walther, Georg Halbeisen und Rebecca Weil. 2012.
    At the crossroads: Attention, contingency awareness, and evaluative conditioning.
    <i>Learning and Motivation</i> 43, Nr. 3: 99–106. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Blask, Katharina</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Walther, Eva</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Halbeisen,
    Georg</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Weil, Rebecca</span>: At
    the crossroads: Attention, contingency awareness, and evaluative conditioning.
    In: <i>Learning and Motivation</i> Bd. 43. Orlando, Fla. , Academic Press (2012),
    Nr. 3, S. 99–106'
  havard: 'K. Blask, E. Walther, G. Halbeisen, R. Weil, At the crossroads: Attention,
    contingency awareness, and evaluative conditioning, Learning and Motivation. 43
    (2012) 99–106.'
  ieee: 'K. Blask, E. Walther, G. Halbeisen, and R. Weil, “At the crossroads: Attention,
    contingency awareness, and evaluative conditioning,” <i>Learning and Motivation</i>,
    vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 99–106, 2012, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004">10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004</a>.'
  mla: 'Blask, Katharina, et al. “At the Crossroads: Attention, Contingency Awareness,
    and Evaluative Conditioning.” <i>Learning and Motivation</i>, vol. 43, no. 3,
    2012, pp. 99–106, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004</a>.'
  short: K. Blask, E. Walther, G. Halbeisen, R. Weil, Learning and Motivation 43 (2012)
    99–106.
  ufg: '<b>Blask, Katharina u. a.</b>: At the crossroads: Attention, contingency awareness,
    and evaluative conditioning, in: <i>Learning and Motivation</i> 43 (2012), H.
    3,  S. 99–106.'
  van: 'Blask K, Walther E, Halbeisen G, Weil R. At the crossroads: Attention, contingency
    awareness, and evaluative conditioning. Learning and Motivation. 2012;43(3):99–106.'
date_created: 2026-03-25T13:36:32Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T13:50:13Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
doi: 10.1016/j.lmot.2012.03.004
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000307607600003'
intvolume: '        43'
isi: '1'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Evaluative conditioning
- Contingency awareness
- Attentional resources
- Goal-directed attention
- Mediation
language:
- iso: eng
page: 99-106
place: 'Orlando, Fla. '
publication: Learning and Motivation
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1095-9122
  issn:
  - 0023-9690
publication_status: published
publisher: Academic Press
status: public
title: 'At the crossroads: Attention, contingency awareness, and evaluative conditioning'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 43
year: '2012'
...