@misc{11113,
  abstract     = {{When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles. Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyle­dons, the strength in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel) or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6 : 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower. The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is the low stiffness.}},
  author       = {{Frühwald-König, Katja and Heister, Lena}},
  booktitle    = {{Wood material science and engineering}},
  issn         = {{1748-0280}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, compression, tension, strength, young’s modulus, digital image correlation, glued laminated timber}},
  number       = {{5}},
  pages        = {{1101--1116}},
  publisher    = {{Taylor & Francis}},
  title        = {{{Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood}}},
  doi          = {{10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627}},
  volume       = {{19}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{10602,
  abstract     = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}},
  author       = {{Hackel, Martin}},
  booktitle    = {{Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway }},
  editor       = {{Nyrud, Anders Q. }},
  isbn         = {{978-1-7138-7329-7}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}},
  location     = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}},
  publisher    = {{Curran Associates, Inc.}},
  title        = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}},
  doi          = {{10.52202/069179-0088}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{10786,
  abstract     = {{The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species
used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a
parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are
investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the
specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products.}},
  author       = {{Hackel, Martin}},
  booktitle    = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}},
  keywords     = {{Oil palm wood, finite element method (FEM), GLT, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength}},
  location     = {{Oslo (Norwegen)}},
  pages        = {{647--656}},
  publisher    = {{World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023)}},
  title        = {{{FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD}}},
  doi          = {{10.52202/069179-0088}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{6945,
  abstract     = {{Sustainable use of renewable raw materials is an important issue of policy and industry. Wood prices are rising because of increasing market demand while simultaneously forests are challenged through conservation issues, deforestation and hazards. The main reasons for deforestation are agriculture, infrastructure and wood harvesting. Oil palm plantations stock on former tropical forest land and cover some 25 Mio ha worldwide. They are replanted every 25 years due to reduced productivity. Using the available wooden trunk material of the cleared plantation not only makes sense in ecological terms but is also a big chance for economy and trade. Research over the last 30 years has led to several ideas in the use for products. The biggest challenge is the anatomical structure of palm wood which is different to coniferous or broadleaf trees. Hard vascular bundles are embedded in low-density parenchyma storage tissue with high moisture content. The soft and sponge-like parenchyma tissue can be compressed easily and a significant share of the water (mc up to 600 % based on dry wood) can be squeezed out. Through press drying, the volume of the parenchyma can be reduced and the wood density increases. Wood strength and stiffness are related to its density and can be improved by densification. TH OWL developed a four-step densification process for oil palm boards. Oil palm lumber was produced from oil palm trunks in a sawmill and then densified under defined conditions. The densification process includes (1) compression to remove a certain percentage of the palm sap, (2) plastification under heat and moisture to soften the wood, (3) hot compression to achieve the densification and remove more water, and (4) press-drying to dry and harden the material. A future perspective on how the laboratory tests could be scaled up to an industrial application with a possible machinery set-up is presented. }},
  author       = {{Kölli, Nathan}},
  booktitle    = {{6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 }},
  editor       = {{Young , Timothy M.  and Petutschnigg, Alexander }},
  keywords     = {{Oil Palm Wood, Densification, Drying}},
  location     = {{St. Simons Island, Georgia / USA}},
  title        = {{{Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber}}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}