--- _id: '11113' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'When oil palm lumber is considered for load-bearing products such as glued laminated timber (GLT), defined strength and stiffness values are required. In this investigation, combined GLT from oil palm wood is tested in compression parallel and perpendicular and glulam lamellas in tension parallel to the vascular bundles. Strength and Young´s modulus in compression and tension parallel increase with the density by power law relationship. In contrast to dicotyle­dons, the strength in construction size exceeds that of small, defect-free test specimens (compression strength perpendicular), are in the same range (tensile and bending strength parallel) or only a little below (compression strength parallel). The specimen size does not influence the strength. The ratio of fc,0 : fm : ft,0 is 1.2 : 0.8 … 1.7 … 2.6 : 1 and fc,0 : fc,90 = 2.7 … 13.0 … 32.6 : 1 for ρ = 200 … 400 … 600 kg/m³; the ratio of Ec,0 : Em : Et,0 is 1.2 : 1.3 : 1 for ρ = 400 kg/m³. Ashby´s performance indices for minimum weight design rise with the density; the strength-density performance indices are comparable or only slightly lower than that for structural size softwood, whereas the modulus-density performance indices are much lower. The challenge in use of oil palm wood for load-bearing construction products is the low stiffness.' author: - first_name: Katja full_name: Frühwald-König, Katja id: '26232' last_name: Frühwald-König - first_name: Lena full_name: Heister, Lena id: '71887' last_name: Heister citation: ama: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material science and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101-1116. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627 apa: Frühwald-König, K., & Heister, L. (2024). Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 19(5), 1101–1116. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627 bjps: Frühwald-König K and Heister L (2024) Compression Properties of Glued Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood. Wood material science and engineering 19, 1101–1116. chicago: 'Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.” Wood Material Science and Engineering 19, no. 5 (2024): 1101–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.' chicago-de: 'Frühwald-König, Katja und Lena Heister. 2024. Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material science and engineering 19, Nr. 5: 1101–1116. doi:10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627, .' din1505-2-1: 'Frühwald-König, Katja ; Heister, Lena: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. In: Wood material science and engineering Bd. 19. London, Taylor & Francis (2024), Nr. 5, S. 1101–1116' havard: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood, Wood Material Science and Engineering. 19 (2024) 1101–1116. ieee: 'K. Frühwald-König and L. Heister, “Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood,” Wood material science and engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1101–1116, 2024, doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627.' mla: Frühwald-König, Katja, and Lena Heister. “Compression Properties of Glued Laminated Timber and Tensile Properties of Gluelam Lamellas from Oil Palm Wood.” Wood Material Science and Engineering, vol. 19, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1101–16, https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627. short: K. Frühwald-König, L. Heister, Wood Material Science and Engineering 19 (2024) 1101–1116. ufg: 'Frühwald-König, Katja/Heister, Lena: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood, in: Wood material science and engineering 19 (2024), H. 5,  S. 1101–1116.' van: Frühwald-König K, Heister L. Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood. Wood material science and engineering. 2024;19(5):1101–16. date_created: 2024-02-25T07:30:24Z date_updated: 2025-06-25T12:41:40Z department: - _id: DEP7018 - _id: DEP1309 doi: 10.1080/17480272.2024.2303627 external_id: isi: - '001147069800001' intvolume: ' 19' isi: '1' issue: '5' keyword: - Oil palm wood - compression - tension - strength - young’s modulus - digital image correlation - glued laminated timber language: - iso: eng page: 1101-1116 place: London publication: Wood material science and engineering publication_identifier: eissn: - 1748-0280 issn: - 1748-0272 publication_status: published publisher: Taylor & Francis quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Compression properties of glued laminated timber and tensile properties of gluelam lamellas from oil palm wood type: scientific_journal_article user_id: '83781' volume: 19 year: '2024' ... --- _id: '10602' abstract: - lang: eng text: The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species used in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a parenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are investigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the specific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products. author: - first_name: Martin full_name: Hackel, Martin id: '79798' last_name: Hackel citation: ama: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. (Nyrud AQ, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo, eds.). Curran Associates, Inc.; 2023. doi:10.52202/069179-0088 apa: 'Hackel, M. (2023). FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. In A. Q. Nyrud, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , & Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo (Eds.), Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Curran Associates, Inc. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088' bjps: 'Hackel M (2023) FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Nyrud AQ et al. (eds). Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc.' chicago: 'Hackel, Martin. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Edited by Anders Q. Nyrud, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , and Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc., 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.' chicago-de: 'Hackel, Martin. 2023. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Hg. von Anders Q. Nyrud, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , und Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo. Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc. doi:10.52202/069179-0088, .' din1505-2-1: 'Hackel, Martin ; Nyrud, A. Q. ; Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet ; Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet ; Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo (Hrsg.): FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Red Hook, NY, USA : Curran Associates, Inc., 2023' havard: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 2023. ieee: 'M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc., 2023. doi: 10.52202/069179-0088.' mla: 'Hackel, Martin. “FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.” Timber for a Livable Future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway , edited by Anders Q. Nyrud et al., Curran Associates, Inc., 2023, https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088.' short: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 2023. ufg: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, hg. von Nyrud, Anders Q. u. a., Red Hook, NY, USA 2023.' van: 'Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Nyrud AQ, Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet , Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet , Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo, editors. Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway . Red Hook, NY, USA: Curran Associates, Inc.; 2023.' conference: end_date: 2023-06-22 location: Oslo (Norwegen) name: 13th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) start_date: 2023-06-19 corporate_editor: - 'Norges miljø- og biovitenskapelige universitet ' - 'Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet ' - Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo date_created: 2023-10-26T13:59:52Z date_updated: 2024-06-03T14:10:01Z department: - _id: DEP7018 - _id: DEP1309 doi: 10.52202/069179-0088 editor: - first_name: 'Anders Q. ' full_name: 'Nyrud, Anders Q. ' last_name: Nyrud keyword: - Oil palm wood - finite element method (FEM) - GLT - modulus of elasticity - flexural strength language: - iso: eng place: Red Hook, NY, USA publication: 'Timber for a livable future : World Conference on Timber Engineering : WCTE 2023 : 19-22 June 2023, Oslo, Norway ' publication_identifier: eisbn: - 978-1-7138-7327-3 isbn: - 978-1-7138-7329-7 publication_status: published publisher: Curran Associates, Inc. status: public title: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD type: conference_editor_article user_id: '83781' year: '2023' ... --- _id: '10786' abstract: - lang: eng text: "The anatomical structure of oil palm wood is only to a limited extent comparable to common wood species\r\nused in construction. Typical for monocotyledons, the material is composed of high density vascular bundles and a\r\nparenchymatous tissue of lower density. In three experiment sets, the local and global moduli of elasticity (MOE) and the flexural strength of oil palm wood based GLT are determined using FEM and various influencing parameters are\r\ninvestigated in a sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the application of densified tension lamellas is studied. The results of the modelling are compared with the results from mechanical tests. Significant differences, mainly attributed to the\r\nspecific parameters of the selected material, are observed. The results of this preliminary study serve as a starting point for computer-aided optimisation and modelling of other oil palm-based products." author: - first_name: Martin full_name: Hackel, Martin id: '79798' last_name: Hackel citation: ama: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023); 2023:647-656. doi:10.52202/069179-0088 apa: Hackel, M. (2023). FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. In World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) (pp. 647–656). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088 bjps: Hackel M (2023) FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). chicago: Hackel, Martin. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088. chicago-de: Hackel, Martin. 2023. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). doi:10.52202/069179-0088, . din1505-2-1: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD : World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023' havard: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. ieee: 'M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023, pp. 647–656. doi: 10.52202/069179-0088.' mla: Hackel, Martin. “FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.” World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023, pp. 647–56, https://doi.org/10.52202/069179-0088. short: M. Hackel, FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023), 2023. ufg: 'Hackel, Martin: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, o. O. 2023.' van: Hackel M. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023). World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023); 2023. conference: end_date: 2023-06-22 location: Oslo (Norwegen) name: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) start_date: 2023-06-19 date_created: 2023-11-21T07:44:35Z date_updated: 2025-05-24T13:21:52Z department: - _id: DEP7018 - _id: DEP1309 doi: 10.52202/069179-0088 keyword: - Oil palm wood - finite element method (FEM) - GLT - modulus of elasticity - flexural strength language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.proceedings.com/content/069/069179-0088open.pdf oa: '1' page: 647-656 publication: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) publication_status: published publisher: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2023) status: public title: FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF OIL PALM WOOD BASED GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD type: conference_editor_article user_id: '79798' year: '2023' ... --- _id: '6945' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Sustainable use of renewable raw materials is an important issue of policy and industry. Wood prices are rising because of increasing market demand while simultaneously forests are challenged through conservation issues, deforestation and hazards. The main reasons for deforestation are agriculture, infrastructure and wood harvesting. Oil palm plantations stock on former tropical forest land and cover some 25 Mio ha worldwide. They are replanted every 25 years due to reduced productivity. Using the available wooden trunk material of the cleared plantation not only makes sense in ecological terms but is also a big chance for economy and trade. Research over the last 30 years has led to several ideas in the use for products. The biggest challenge is the anatomical structure of palm wood which is different to coniferous or broadleaf trees. Hard vascular bundles are embedded in low-density parenchyma storage tissue with high moisture content. The soft and sponge-like parenchyma tissue can be compressed easily and a significant share of the water (mc up to 600 % based on dry wood) can be squeezed out. Through press drying, the volume of the parenchyma can be reduced and the wood density increases. Wood strength and stiffness are related to its density and can be improved by densification. TH OWL developed a four-step densification process for oil palm boards. Oil palm lumber was produced from oil palm trunks in a sawmill and then densified under defined conditions. The densification process includes (1) compression to remove a certain percentage of the palm sap, (2) plastification under heat and moisture to soften the wood, (3) hot compression to achieve the densification and remove more water, and (4) press-drying to dry and harden the material. A future perspective on how the laboratory tests could be scaled up to an industrial application with a possible machinery set-up is presented. ' author: - first_name: Nathan full_name: Kölli, Nathan id: '74242' last_name: Kölli citation: ama: 'Kölli N. Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In: Young TM, Petutschnigg A, eds. 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 . ; 2021.' apa: Kölli, N. (2021). Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In T. M. Young & A. Petutschnigg (Eds.), 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 . bjps: Kölli N (2021) Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In Young TM and Petutschnigg A (eds), 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 . chicago: Kölli, Nathan. “Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber.” In 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , edited by Timothy M. Young and Alexander Petutschnigg, 2021. chicago-de: 'Kölli, Nathan. 2021. Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In: 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , hg. von Timothy M. Young und Alexander Petutschnigg.' din1505-2-1: 'Kölli, Nathan: Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In: Young , T. M. ; Petutschnigg, A. (Hrsg.): 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , 2021' havard: 'N. Kölli, Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber, in: T.M. Young , A. Petutschnigg (Eds.), 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , 2021.' ieee: N. Kölli, “Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber,” in 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , St. Simons Island, Georgia / USA, 2021. mla: Kölli, Nathan. “Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber.” 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , edited by Timothy M. Young and Alexander Petutschnigg, 2021. short: 'N. Kölli, in: T.M. Young , A. Petutschnigg (Eds.), 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , 2021.' ufg: 'Kölli, Nathan: Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber, in: Young , Timothy M./Petutschnigg, Alexander (Hgg.): 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 , o. O. 2021.' van: 'Kölli N. Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber. In: Young TM, Petutschnigg A, editors. 6th International Conference on  Process Technologies for the Forest  and Biobased Products Industries  PTF BPI 2021 . 2021.' conference: end_date: 2021-11-03 location: St. Simons Island, Georgia / USA name: PTF BPI 2021 (Process Technologies for the Forest & Biobased Product Industries) start_date: 2021-11-01 date_created: 2022-01-06T11:43:06Z date_updated: 2023-10-30T15:20:10Z department: - _id: DEP7018 - _id: DEP1309 editor: - first_name: 'Timothy M. ' full_name: 'Young , Timothy M. ' last_name: 'Young ' - first_name: 'Alexander ' full_name: 'Petutschnigg, Alexander ' last_name: Petutschnigg keyword: - Oil Palm Wood - Densification - Drying language: - iso: eng publication: '6th International Conference on Process Technologies for the Forest and Biobased Products Industries PTF BPI 2021 ' publication_status: published status: public title: Densification and Press-Drying of Wet Oil Palm Lumber type: conference user_id: '83781' year: '2021' ...