@misc{13339,
  abstract     = {{Additive manufacturing (AM) paves the way for low-cost production of optical and terahertz (THz) components such as waveguides, fibers, and lenses [1]–[3]. This work addresses the fabrication and THz characterization of a 3D-printed waveguide composed of cyclic olefin copolymer (TOPAS). Such a waveguide is a convenient and inexpensive tool in the development of THz interconnects, and in applications such as biomedical sensing.}},
  author       = {{Joshi, Suraj and Starsaja, Annamarija and Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra and Stübbe, Oliver and Preu, Sascha}},
  booktitle    = {{2025 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)}},
  keywords     = {{Optical fibers, Optical fiber sensors, Optical interconnections, Biomedical optical imaging, Optical device fabrication, Production, Optical waveguide components, Three-dimensional printing, Optical waveguides, Lenses}},
  location     = {{Helsinki, Finland }},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Additively-Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@inproceedings{554,
  abstract     = {{Light guiding structures, like optical waveguides or fibers, take an important role in several industries, e.g. communication, sensing, illumination or medical applications. For the latter, it could be very interesting to have the possibility to manufacture problem-adapted structureswith a mechanicalfunctionality andwith additional embedded optical or electrical sensor functionalities.Modern additive manufacturing (AM) technologies like Stereolithography (SLA) or Fused Layer Modeling (FLM) may provide these opportunities.This paper is aimedto figure out the light guiding opportunities of both technologies. For this different kind of structures are built by FLM and SLA. To compare both manufacturing technologies, the layout of each structure is identical for both technologies. After manufacturing, the transmission and the attenuation of the guided light of these structures areanalyzed by measurement.Then the measurement results of the different technologies are compared with each other.}},
  author       = {{Beyer, Micha and Stübbe, Oliver and Villmer, Franz-Josef}},
  booktitle    = {{Production engineering and management : proceedings 8th international conference, October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany}},
  editor       = {{Villmer, Franz-Josef and Padoano, Elio}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-946856-03-0}},
  keywords     = {{Additive manufacturing, Embedded optical waveguides, Optical sensors, SLA technology, FLM technology}},
  location     = {{Lemgo}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{70--82}},
  title        = {{{Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and Sensing Applications}}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@inproceedings{573,
  abstract     = {{Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have not only revolutionized product development and design by enabling rapid prototyping. They also gained influence on production in general, mainly because of their direct manufacturing capabilities. In the context of Industry 4.0 and the related process automation, innovative and advanced production technologies with completely new approaches are required [1]. AM technologies contribute to this with their advantages like freedom of design, cost efficient product individualization, and functional integration. On the other hand, AM still shows shortcomings in exploiting its full potential. Most current AM technologies are only applicable for manufacturing with singular materials. In particular, opportunities for processing of optically or electrically conductive materials are still missing. This paper contributes to the advancement of additive manufacturing of two different material variants or even two completely different materials. A special focus is laid on producing a part that combines mechanical with optical or electrical functionalities in one process step. The ultimate goal is to integrate sensor functionalities into an AM object, e.g. strain gauges. Extrusion processes, predominantly Fused Layer Modeling (FLM), are preferred in this research due to their mechanically simple machine setup in which additional functional materials can be adapted easily to the build process. In a first step, the general manufacturability has been evaluated. Thereafter, the resulting optical transmission properties have been analyzed. Especially the attenuation has to remain below a threshold value to accomplish a minimum signal-to-noise ratio.}},
  author       = {{Ehlert, Patrick and Stübbe, Oliver and Villmer, Franz-Josef}},
  booktitle    = {{Production Engineering and Management}},
  editor       = {{Padoano, Elio and Villmer, Franz-Josef}},
  isbn         = {{978-3-946856-01-6}},
  keywords     = {{Additive manufacturing, Embedded optical waveguides, Electrical conductors, Embedded systems, FLM technology, Sensors}},
  location     = {{Pordenone, Italy}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{127--136}},
  title        = {{{Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology}}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}