---
_id: '13339'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Additive manufacturing (AM) paves the way for low-cost production of optical
    and terahertz (THz) components such as waveguides, fibers, and lenses [1]–[3].
    This work addresses the fabrication and THz characterization of a 3D-printed waveguide
    composed of cyclic olefin copolymer (TOPAS). Such a waveguide is a convenient
    and inexpensive tool in the development of THz interconnects, and in applications
    such as biomedical sensing.
author:
- first_name: Suraj
  full_name: Joshi, Suraj
  last_name: Joshi
- first_name: Annamarija
  full_name: Starsaja, Annamarija
  last_name: Starsaja
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
  full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
  id: '74090'
  last_name: Shrotri
  orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: 0000-0001-7293-6893
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
citation:
  ama: Joshi S, Starsaja A, Shrotri AN, Stübbe O, Preu S. <i>Additively-Manufactured
    Terahertz Waveguides</i>. IEEE; 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095">10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095</a>
  apa: Joshi, S., Starsaja, A., Shrotri, A. N., Stübbe, O., &#38; Preu, S. (2026).
    Additively-Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides. In <i>2025 50th International Conference
    on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)</i>. 50th International
    Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Helsinki,
    Finland . IEEE. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095">https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095</a>
  bjps: '<b>Joshi S <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) <i>Additively-Manufactured Terahertz
    Waveguides</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
  chicago: 'Joshi, Suraj, Annamarija Starsaja, Abhijeet Narendra Shrotri, Oliver Stübbe,
    and Sascha Preu. <i>Additively-Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides</i>. <i>2025
    50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)</i>.
    Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095">https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Joshi, Suraj, Annamarija Starsaja, Abhijeet Narendra Shrotri, Oliver
    Stübbe und Sascha Preu. 2026. <i>Additively-Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides</i>.
    <i>2025 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
    (IRMMW-THz)</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095">10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Joshi, Suraj</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Starsaja, Annamarija</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Shrotri,
    Abhijeet Narendra</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe, Oliver</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Preu, Sascha</span>: <i>Additively-Manufactured
    Terahertz Waveguides</i>. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2026'
  havard: S. Joshi, A. Starsaja, A.N. Shrotri, O. Stübbe, S. Preu, Additively-Manufactured
    Terahertz Waveguides, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2026.
  ieee: 'S. Joshi, A. Starsaja, A. N. Shrotri, O. Stübbe, and S. Preu, <i>Additively-Manufactured
    Terahertz Waveguides</i>. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2026. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095">10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095</a>.'
  mla: Joshi, Suraj, et al. “Additively-Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides.” <i>2025
    50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz)</i>,
    IEEE, 2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095">https://doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095</a>.
  short: S. Joshi, A. Starsaja, A.N. Shrotri, O. Stübbe, S. Preu, Additively-Manufactured
    Terahertz Waveguides, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2026.
  ufg: '<b>Joshi, Suraj u. a.</b>: Additively-Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides, Piscataway,
    NJ 2026.'
  van: 'Joshi S, Starsaja A, Shrotri AN, Stübbe O, Preu S. Additively-Manufactured
    Terahertz Waveguides. 2025 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter,
    and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2026.'
conference:
  end_date: 2025-08-22
  location: 'Helsinki, Finland '
  name: 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
    (IRMMW-THz)
  start_date: 2025-08-17
date_created: 2026-01-16T14:49:35Z
date_updated: 2026-01-21T07:34:28Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
doi: 10.1109/irmmw-thz61557.2025.11320095
keyword:
- Optical fibers
- Optical fiber sensors
- Optical interconnections
- Biomedical optical imaging
- Optical device fabrication
- Production
- Optical waveguide components
- Three-dimensional printing
- Optical waveguides
- Lenses
language:
- iso: eng
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: 2025 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz
  Waves (IRMMW-THz)
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Additively-Manufactured Terahertz Waveguides
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '554'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Light guiding structures, like optical waveguides or fibers, take an important
    role in several industries, e.g. communication, sensing, illumination or medical
    applications. For the latter, it could be very interesting to have the possibility
    to manufacture problem-adapted structureswith a mechanicalfunctionality andwith
    additional embedded optical or electrical sensor functionalities.Modern additive
    manufacturing (AM) technologies like Stereolithography (SLA) or Fused Layer Modeling
    (FLM) may provide these opportunities.This paper is aimedto figure out the light
    guiding opportunities of both technologies. For this different kind of structures
    are built by FLM and SLA. To compare both manufacturing technologies, the layout
    of each structure is identical for both technologies. After manufacturing, the
    transmission and the attenuation of the guided light of these structures areanalyzed
    by measurement.Then the measurement results of the different technologies are
    compared with each other.
author:
- first_name: Micha
  full_name: Beyer, Micha
  id: '71403'
  last_name: Beyer
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-6893
- first_name: Franz-Josef
  full_name: Villmer, Franz-Josef
  id: '14290'
  last_name: Villmer
citation:
  ama: 'Beyer M, Stübbe O, Villmer FJ. Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing Technologies
    Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and Sensing Applications.
    In: Villmer FJ, Padoano E, Department of Production Engineering and Management,
    Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, eds. <i>Production Engineering and Management :
    Proceedings 8th International Conference, October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany</i>.
    Publication series in direct digital manufacturing. ; 2018:70-82.'
  apa: 'Beyer, M., Stübbe, O., &#38; Villmer, F.-J. (2018). Comparsion of FLM and
    SLA Processing Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi
    and Sensing Applications. In F.-J. Villmer, E. Padoano, Department of Production
    Engineering and Management, &#38; Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.), <i>Production
    engineering and management : proceedings 8th international conference, October
    04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany</i> (Issue 1, pp. 70–82).'
  bjps: '<b>Beyer M, Stübbe O and Villmer F-J</b> (2018) Comparsion of FLM and SLA
    Processing Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi
    and Sensing Applications. In Villmer F-J et al. (eds), <i>Production Engineering
    and Management : Proceedings 8th International Conference, October 04 and 05,
    2018, Lemgo, Germany</i>. Lemgo, pp. 70–82.'
  chicago: 'Beyer, Micha, Oliver Stübbe, and Franz-Josef Villmer. “Comparsion of FLM
    and SLA Processing Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for
    Communicationi and Sensing Applications.” In <i>Production Engineering and Management :
    Proceedings 8th International Conference, October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany</i>,
    edited by Franz-Josef Villmer, Elio Padoano, Department of Production Engineering
    and Management, and Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, 70–82. Publication Series in
    Direct Digital Manufacturing. Lemgo, 2018.'
  chicago-de: 'Beyer, Micha, Oliver Stübbe und Franz-Josef Villmer. 2018. Comparsion
    of FLM and SLA Processing Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides
    for Communicationi and Sensing Applications. In: <i>Production engineering and
    management : proceedings 8th international conference, October 04 and 05, 2018,
    Lemgo, Germany</i>, hg. von Franz-Josef Villmer, Elio Padoano, Department of Production
    Engineering and Management, und Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, 70–82. Publication
    series in direct digital manufacturing. Lemgo.'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Beyer, Micha</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe, Oliver</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Villmer,
    Franz-Josef</span>: Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing Technologies Towards
    Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and Sensing Applications.
    In: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Villmer, F.-J.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Padoano,
    E.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Department of Production Engineering
    and Management</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe</span>
    (Hrsg.): <i>Production engineering and management : proceedings 8th international
    conference, October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany</i>, <i>Publication series
    in direct digital manufacturing</i>. Lemgo, 2018, S. 70–82'
  havard: 'M. Beyer, O. Stübbe, F.-J. Villmer, Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing
    Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and
    Sensing Applications, in: F.-J. Villmer, E. Padoano, Department of Production
    Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.), Production Engineering
    and Management : Proceedings 8th International Conference, October 04 and 05,
    2018, Lemgo, Germany, Lemgo, 2018: pp. 70–82.'
  ieee: 'M. Beyer, O. Stübbe, and F.-J. Villmer, “Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing
    Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and
    Sensing Applications,” in <i>Production engineering and management : proceedings
    8th international conference, October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany</i>, Lemgo,
    2018, no. 1, pp. 70–82.'
  mla: 'Beyer, Micha, et al. “Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing Technologies Towards
    Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and Sensing Applications.”
    <i>Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings 8th International Conference,
    October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany</i>, edited by Franz-Josef Villmer et
    al., no. 1, 2018, pp. 70–82.'
  short: 'M. Beyer, O. Stübbe, F.-J. Villmer, in: F.-J. Villmer, E. Padoano, Department
    of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.),
    Production Engineering and Management : Proceedings 8th International Conference,
    October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany, Lemgo, 2018, pp. 70–82.'
  ufg: '<b>Beyer, Micha/Stübbe, Oliver/Villmer, Franz-Josef</b>: Comparsion of FLM
    and SLA Processing Technologies Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for
    Communicationi and Sensing Applications, in: <i>Villmer, Franz-Josef u. a. (Hgg.)</i>:
    Production engineering and management : proceedings 8th international conference,
    October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany, Lemgo 2018 (Publication series in direct
    digital manufacturing),  S. 70–82.'
  van: 'Beyer M, Stübbe O, Villmer FJ. Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing Technologies
    Towards Manufacturing of Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and Sensing Applications.
    In: Villmer FJ, Padoano E, Department of Production Engineering and Management,
    Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, editors. Production engineering and management :
    proceedings 8th international conference, October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany.
    Lemgo; 2018. p. 70–82. (Publication series in direct digital manufacturing).'
conference:
  end_date: 2018-10-05
  location: Lemgo
  name: Proceedings 8th International Conference
  start_date: 2018-10-04
corporate_editor:
- Department of Production Engineering and Management
- Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe
date_created: 2019-02-13T14:29:45Z
date_updated: 2024-04-19T12:56:30Z
department:
- _id: DEP1306
- _id: DEP5000
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
editor:
- first_name: Franz-Josef
  full_name: Villmer, Franz-Josef
  last_name: Villmer
- first_name: Elio
  full_name: Padoano, Elio
  last_name: Padoano
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Additive manufacturing
- Embedded optical waveguides
- Optical sensors
- SLA technology
- FLM technology
language:
- iso: eng
page: 70-82
place: Lemgo
publication: 'Production engineering and management : proceedings 8th international
  conference, October 04 and 05, 2018, Lemgo, Germany'
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-946856-03-0
publication_status: published
series_title: Publication series in direct digital manufacturing
status: public
title: Comparsion of FLM and SLA Processing Technologies Towards Manufacturing of
  Optical Waveguides for Communicationi and Sensing Applications
type: conference
user_id: '51864'
year: '2018'
...
---
_id: '573'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have not only revolutionized product
    development and design by enabling rapid prototyping. They also gained influence
    on production in general, mainly because of their direct manufacturing capabilities.
    In the context of Industry 4.0 and the related process automation, innovative
    and advanced production technologies with completely new approaches are required
    [1]. AM technologies contribute to this with their advantages like freedom of
    design, cost efficient product individualization, and functional integration.
    On the other hand, AM still shows shortcomings in exploiting its full potential.
    Most current AM technologies are only applicable for manufacturing with singular
    materials. In particular, opportunities for processing of optically or electrically
    conductive materials are still missing. This paper contributes to the advancement
    of additive manufacturing of two different material variants or even two completely
    different materials. A special focus is laid on producing a part that combines
    mechanical with optical or electrical functionalities in one process step. The
    ultimate goal is to integrate sensor functionalities into an AM object, e.g. strain
    gauges. Extrusion processes, predominantly Fused Layer Modeling (FLM), are preferred
    in this research due to their mechanically simple machine setup in which additional
    functional materials can be adapted easily to the build process. In a first step,
    the general manufacturability has been evaluated. Thereafter, the resulting optical
    transmission properties have been analyzed. Especially the attenuation has to
    remain below a threshold value to accomplish a minimum signal-to-noise ratio.
author:
- first_name: Patrick
  full_name: Ehlert, Patrick
  id: '62091'
  last_name: Ehlert
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
  id: '51864'
  last_name: Stübbe
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-6893
- first_name: Franz-Josef
  full_name: Villmer, Franz-Josef
  id: '14290'
  last_name: Villmer
citation:
  ama: 'Ehlert P, Stübbe O, Villmer FJ. Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing
    of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology. In: Padoano E, Villmer FJ, Department
    of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, eds.
    <i>Production Engineering and Management</i>. Publication series in direct digital
    manufacturing . ; 2017:127-136.'
  apa: Ehlert, P., Stübbe, O., &#38; Villmer, F.-J. (2017). Investigation on the Direct
    Manufacturing of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology. In E. Padoano, F.-J.
    Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, &#38; Hochschule
    Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.), <i>Production Engineering and Management</i> (Issue
    1, pp. 127–136).
  bjps: <b>Ehlert P, Stübbe O and Villmer F-J</b> (2017) Investigation on the Direct
    Manufacturing of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology. In Padoano E et
    al. (eds), <i>Production Engineering and Management</i>. Lemgo, pp. 127–136.
  chicago: Ehlert, Patrick, Oliver Stübbe, and Franz-Josef Villmer. “Investigation
    on the Direct Manufacturing of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology.” In
    <i>Production Engineering and Management</i>, edited by Elio Padoano, Franz-Josef
    Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, and Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe,
    127–36. Publication Series in Direct Digital Manufacturing . Lemgo, 2017.
  chicago-de: 'Ehlert, Patrick, Oliver Stübbe und Franz-Josef Villmer. 2017. Investigation
    on the Direct Manufacturing of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology. In:
    <i>Production Engineering and Management</i>, hg. von Elio Padoano, Franz-Josef
    Villmer, Department of Production Engineering and Management, und Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe,
    127–136. Publication series in direct digital manufacturing . Lemgo.'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ehlert, Patrick</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stübbe, Oliver</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Villmer,
    Franz-Josef</span>: Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing of Waveguides and
    Sensors Using FLM Technology. In: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Padoano,
    E.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Villmer, F.-J.</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Department of Production Engineering and Management</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe</span>
    (Hrsg.): <i>Production Engineering and Management</i>, <i>Publication series in
    direct digital manufacturing </i>. Lemgo, 2017, S. 127–136'
  havard: 'P. Ehlert, O. Stübbe, F.-J. Villmer, Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing
    of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology, in: E. Padoano, F.-J. Villmer,
    Department of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe
    (Eds.), Production Engineering and Management, Lemgo, 2017: pp. 127–136.'
  ieee: P. Ehlert, O. Stübbe, and F.-J. Villmer, “Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing
    of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology,” in <i>Production Engineering
    and Management</i>, Pordenone, Italy, 2017, no. 1, pp. 127–136.
  mla: Ehlert, Patrick, et al. “Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing of Waveguides
    and Sensors Using FLM Technology.” <i>Production Engineering and Management</i>,
    edited by Elio Padoano et al., no. 1, 2017, pp. 127–36.
  short: 'P. Ehlert, O. Stübbe, F.-J. Villmer, in: E. Padoano, F.-J. Villmer, Department
    of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe (Eds.),
    Production Engineering and Management, Lemgo, 2017, pp. 127–136.'
  ufg: '<b>Ehlert, Patrick/Stübbe, Oliver/Villmer, Franz-Josef</b>: Investigation
    on the Direct Manufacturing of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology, in:
    <i>Padoano, Elio u. a. (Hgg.)</i>: Production Engineering and Management, Lemgo
    2017 (Publication series in direct digital manufacturing ),  S. 127–136.'
  van: 'Ehlert P, Stübbe O, Villmer FJ. Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing
    of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM Technology. In: Padoano E, Villmer FJ, Department
    of Production Engineering and Management, Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe, editors.
    Production Engineering and Management. Lemgo; 2017. p. 127–36. (Publication series
    in direct digital manufacturing ).'
conference:
  end_date: 2017-09-29
  location: Pordenone, Italy
  name: Proceedings7th International Conference
  start_date: 2017-09-28
corporate_editor:
- Department of Production Engineering and Management
- Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe
date_created: 2019-02-18T11:16:07Z
date_updated: 2024-04-19T12:58:56Z
department:
- _id: DEP1306
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP5000
- _id: DEP6020
editor:
- first_name: Elio
  full_name: Padoano, Elio
  last_name: Padoano
- first_name: Franz-Josef
  full_name: Villmer, Franz-Josef
  id: '14290'
  last_name: Villmer
extern: '1'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Additive manufacturing
- Embedded optical waveguides
- Electrical conductors
- Embedded systems
- FLM technology
- Sensors
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.hs-owl.de/fileadmin/diman/Veroeffentlichungen/PEM_2017_Proceeding_web.pdf
oa: '1'
page: 127-136
place: Lemgo
publication: Production Engineering and Management
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-3-946856-01-6
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: contains
    url: https://www.hs-owl.de/fileadmin/diman/Veroeffentlichungen/PEM_2017_Proceeding_web.pdf
series_title: 'Publication series in direct digital manufacturing '
status: public
title: Investigation on the Direct Manufacturing of Waveguides and Sensors Using FLM
  Technology
type: conference
user_id: '51864'
year: '2017'
...