@misc{13642,
  abstract     = {{Three experiments explored the effect of medium of presentation (pictures, words) and psychological distance (proximal, distal) on episodic memory. In particular, we predicted that memory would be better for congruent combinations of medium and distance (i.e., pictures of psychologically proximal entities and verbal labels of psychologically distal entities) than incongruent combinations (i.e., pictures of psychologically distal entities and verbal labels of psychologically proximal entities). Our results support this hypothesis. In Experiments 1 and 2, recall was better when medium and temporal distance were congruent than not. In Experiment 3 people recognition was better when medium and spatial distance were congruent than not. These findings suggest that the decay of memory for details over time is a specific case of a broader principle that governs our memory system and is based on psychological distance between the individual and the target entity. More broadly, these results speak to the growing literature, which suggests that one of the major roles of memory is prospection. Within this framing, our findings suggest that the memory system serves prospection using qualitatively different information processing devices, depending on the psychological distance of the target from the individual.}},
  author       = {{Amit, Elinor and Rim, SoYon and Halbeisen, Georg and Cohen Priva, Uriel and Stephan, Elena and Trope, Yaacov}},
  booktitle    = {{Journal of Memory and Language}},
  issn         = {{1096-0821}},
  keywords     = {{Pictures, Words, Psychological distance, Memory}},
  number       = {{4}},
  pages        = {{119--130}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{{Distance-dependent memory for pictures and words}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jml.2019.01.001}},
  volume       = {{105}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@misc{13647,
  abstract     = {{Drawing from construal level theory, we test the hypothesis that words promote thinking of events in terms of their abstract and central features (i.e., high-level construal), whereas pictures promote thinking in terms of more concrete and idiosyncratic features (i.e., low-level construal). In Experiments 1a and 1b, we found that verbal (vs. pictorial) presentation of objects led to broader, more inclusive categorization of those objects. In Experiment 2, we found that word (vs. picture) priming led to greater global (vs. local) processing of subsequent perceptual information. Finally, in Experiments 3 and 4, we tested the opposite direction of causality. Thinking about high-level “why” versus relatively low-level “how” (Experiment 3) and thinking about high-level categories versus relatively low-level exemplars (Experiment 4) led to more verbal versus pictorial thought. These findings provide converging evidence that medium (word, picture) is associated with level of construal. }},
  author       = {{Rim, SoYon and Amit, Elinor and Fujita, Kentaro and Trope, Yaacov and Halbeisen, Georg and Algom, Daniel}},
  booktitle    = {{ Social psychological and personality science : SPPS }},
  issn         = {{1948-5514}},
  keywords     = {{construal level theory, pictures, words, construal}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{123--130}},
  publisher    = {{SAGE Publications}},
  title        = {{{How Words Transcend and Pictures Immerse : On the Association Between Medium and Level of Construal}}},
  doi          = {{10.1177/1948550614548728}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2014}},
}