---
_id: '11278'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: '<jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Purpose</jats:title><jats:p>Housing
    interventions carried out in accordance with current regulations in the Old City
    of Aleppo, both before and after the Syrian war, are minor in comparison to those
    carried out without a license and illegally. This suggests current policies are
    inadequate and needs upgrading.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Design/methodology/approach</jats:title><jats:p>This
    article critically reviews current Syrian policies and their implementation on
    residential heritage in the Old City of Aleppo with the aim to identify gaps and
    propose directions for modifications. Next to a review of the text of official
    policies and implementation documents, the archive of the Directorate of the Old
    City has been consulted and license applications, presented in the period 2018–2022,
    have been examined. Moreover, interviews with decision-makers from academics and
    practice were conducted.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type="abstract-subheading">Findings</jats:title><jats:p>Major
    limitations of these policies and relative application procedures have been identified:
    these involve: legal/administrative, economic and social aspects.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title
    content-type="abstract-subheading">Originality/value</jats:title><jats:p>The specific
    needs have been highlighted and some proposals for improvement made.</jats:p></jats:sec>'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Kousa, Christine
  id: '74063'
  last_name: Kousa
- first_name: Barbara
  full_name: Lubelli, Barbara
  last_name: Lubelli
- first_name: Uta
  full_name: Pottgiesser, Uta
  id: '27166'
  last_name: Pottgiesser
  orcid: 0000-0002-8594-3168
citation:
  ama: Kousa C, Lubelli B, Pottgiesser U. Historic development of policies and regulations
    concerning residential heritage in the Old City of Aleppo. <i>Journal of Cultural
    Heritage Management and Sustainable Development</i>. Published online 2023. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072">10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072</a>
  apa: Kousa, C., Lubelli, B., &#38; Pottgiesser, U. (2023). Historic development
    of policies and regulations concerning residential heritage in the Old City of
    Aleppo. <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development</i>.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072">https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072</a>
  bjps: <b>Kousa C, Lubelli B and Pottgiesser U</b> (2023) Historic Development of
    Policies and Regulations Concerning Residential Heritage in the Old City of Aleppo.
    <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development</i>.
  chicago: Kousa, Christine, Barbara Lubelli, and Uta Pottgiesser. “Historic Development
    of Policies and Regulations Concerning Residential Heritage in the Old City of
    Aleppo.” <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development</i>,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072">https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072</a>.
  chicago-de: Kousa, Christine, Barbara Lubelli und Uta Pottgiesser. 2023. Historic
    development of policies and regulations concerning residential heritage in the
    Old City of Aleppo. <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable
    Development</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072">10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kousa, Christine</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lubelli, Barbara</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pottgiesser,
    Uta</span>: Historic development of policies and regulations concerning residential
    heritage in the Old City of Aleppo. In: <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage Management
    and Sustainable Development</i>. Bingley, Emerald (2023)'
  havard: C. Kousa, B. Lubelli, U. Pottgiesser, Historic development of policies and
    regulations concerning residential heritage in the Old City of Aleppo, Journal
    of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. (2023).
  ieee: 'C. Kousa, B. Lubelli, and U. Pottgiesser, “Historic development of policies
    and regulations concerning residential heritage in the Old City of Aleppo,” <i>Journal
    of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development</i>, 2023, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072">10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072</a>.'
  mla: Kousa, Christine, et al. “Historic Development of Policies and Regulations
    Concerning Residential Heritage in the Old City of Aleppo.” <i>Journal of Cultural
    Heritage Management and Sustainable Development</i>, 2023, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072">https://doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072</a>.
  short: C. Kousa, B. Lubelli, U. Pottgiesser, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management
    and Sustainable Development (2023).
  ufg: '<b>Kousa, Christine/Lubelli, Barbara/Pottgiesser, Uta</b>: Historic development
    of policies and regulations concerning residential heritage in the Old City of
    Aleppo, in: <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development</i>
    (2023).'
  van: Kousa C, Lubelli B, Pottgiesser U. Historic development of policies and regulations
    concerning residential heritage in the Old City of Aleppo. Journal of Cultural
    Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 2023;
date_created: 2024-03-22T20:27:26Z
date_updated: 2024-03-25T07:48:31Z
department:
- _id: DEP1620
doi: 10.1108/jchmsd-05-2022-0072
keyword:
- Urban Studies
- General Business
- Management and Accounting
- Geography
- Planning and Development
- Conservation
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2022-0072/full/html
place: Bingley
publication: Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2044-1266
publication_status: published
publisher: Emerald
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: original
    url: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JCHMSD-05-2022-0072/full/html
status: public
title: Historic development of policies and regulations concerning residential heritage
  in the Old City of Aleppo
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '13021'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Natural ventilation in a building is an effective way to achieve acceptable
    indoor air quality. Ventilation dilutes contaminants such as bioeffluents generated
    by occupants, substances emitted from building materials, and the water vapor
    generated by occupants’ activities. In a building that requires heating and cooling,
    adequate ventilation is crucial to minimize energy consumption while maintaining
    healthy indoor air quality. However, measuring the actual magnitude of the natural
    ventilation rate, including infiltration through the building envelope and airflow
    through the building openings, is not always feasible. Although international
    and national standards suggested the required ventilation rates to maintain acceptable
    indoor air quality in buildings, they did not offer action plans to achieve or
    evaluate those design ventilation rates in buildings in use. In this study, the
    occupant-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) tracer gas decay method was applied to
    estimate the ventilation rates in an office room in Seoul, South Korea, from summer
    to winter. Using the method, real-time ventilation rates can be calculated by
    monitoring indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations without injecting a tracer gas.
    For natural ventilation in the test room, 145 mm-diameter circular openings on
    the fixed glass were used. As a result, first, the indoor CO2 concentrations were
    used as an indicator to evaluate how much the indoor air quality deteriorated
    when all the windows were closed in an occupied office room compared to the international
    standards for indoor air quality. Moreover, we found out that the estimated ventilation
    rates varied depending on various environmental conditions, even with the same
    openings for natural ventilation. Considering the indoor and outdoor temperature
    differences and outdoor wind speeds as the main factors influencing the ventilation
    rates, we analyzed how they affected the ventilation rates in the different seasons
    of South Korea. When the wind speeds were calm, less than 2 m/s, the temperature
    difference played as a factor that influenced the estimated ventilation rates.
    On the other hand, when the temperature differences were low, less than 3 °C,
    the wind speed was the primary factor. This study raises awareness about the risk
    of poor indoor air quality in office rooms that could lead to health problems
    or unpleasant working environments. This study presents an example of estimating
    the ventilation rates in an existing building. By using the presented method,
    the ventilation rate in an existing building can be simply estimated while using
    the building as usual, and appropriate ventilation strategies for the building
    can be determined to maintain the desired indoor air quality.
article_number: '9892'
author:
- first_name: Hyeonji
  full_name: Seol, Hyeonji
  id: '77436'
  last_name: Seol
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Arztmann, Daniel
  id: '58805'
  last_name: Arztmann
- first_name: Naree
  full_name: Kim, Naree
  last_name: Kim
- first_name: Alvaro
  full_name: Balderrama, Alvaro
  id: '79418'
  last_name: Balderrama
citation:
  ama: Seol H, Arztmann D, Kim N, Balderrama A. Estimation of Natural Ventilation
    Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
    Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i>. 2023;15(13). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892">10.3390/su15139892</a>
  apa: Seol, H., Arztmann, D., Kim, N., &#38; Balderrama, A. (2023). Estimation of
    Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings
    Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i>, <i>15</i>(13),
    Article 9892. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892">https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892</a>
  bjps: <b>Seol H <i>et al.</i></b> (2023) Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates
    in an Office Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
    Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i> <b>15</b>.
  chicago: Seol, Hyeonji, Daniel Arztmann, Naree Kim, and Alvaro Balderrama. “Estimation
    of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings
    Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method.” <i>Sustainability</i> 15, no.
    13 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892">https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892</a>.
  chicago-de: Seol, Hyeonji, Daniel Arztmann, Naree Kim und Alvaro Balderrama. 2023.
    Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter
    Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. <i>Sustainability</i>
    15, Nr. 13. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892">10.3390/su15139892</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Seol, Hyeonji</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Arztmann, Daniel</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kim,
    Naree</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Balderrama, Alvaro</span>:
    Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter
    Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method. In: <i>Sustainability</i>
    Bd. 15. Basel, MDPI (2023), Nr. 13'
  havard: H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, A. Balderrama, Estimation of Natural Ventilation
    Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
    Tracer-Gas Method, Sustainability. 15 (2023).
  ieee: 'H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, and A. Balderrama, “Estimation of Natural Ventilation
    Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
    Tracer-Gas Method,” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 15, no. 13, Art. no. 9892, 2023,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892">10.3390/su15139892</a>.'
  mla: Seol, Hyeonji, et al. “Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office
    Room with 145 Mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas
    Method.” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 15, no. 13, 9892, 2023, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892">https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139892</a>.
  short: H. Seol, D. Arztmann, N. Kim, A. Balderrama, Sustainability 15 (2023).
  ufg: '<b>Seol, Hyeonji u. a.</b>: Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an
    Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
    Tracer-Gas Method, in: <i>Sustainability</i> 15 (2023), H. 13.'
  van: Seol H, Arztmann D, Kim N, Balderrama A. Estimation of Natural Ventilation
    Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated
    Tracer-Gas Method. Sustainability. 2023;15(13).
date_created: 2025-06-24T13:53:29Z
date_updated: 2025-06-24T13:55:57Z
department:
- _id: DEP1600
- _id: DEP1634
doi: 10.3390/su15139892
intvolume: '        15'
issue: '13'
keyword:
- Management
- Monitoring
- Policy and Law
- Renewable Energy
- Sustainability and the Environment
- Geography
- Planning and Development
- Building and Construction
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Sustainability
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2071-1050
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Estimation of Natural Ventilation Rates in an Office Room with 145 mm-Diameter
  Circular Openings Using the Occupant-Generated Tracer-Gas Method
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 15
year: '2023'
...