---
_id: '13433'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The use of lubricants on electrical connector contacts is essential for certain
applications in order to reduce mating forces, minimize wear, and mitigate fretting
corrosion. However, increasing performance requirements (e.g., operation at elevated
temperatures) and regulatory restrictions are prompting a reassessment of lubricant
selection. In this study, the influence of three lubricants (one oil and two greases),
operating temperature (room temperature and 130°C), and applied volume (low, medium
and high volume) on electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction
(CoF) is investigated by means of fretting wear tests on silver-plated contacts.
The results show that unlubricated silver contacts exhibit a longer stable phase
at 130 °C than at room temperature. For lubricated contacts, service life is influenced
by both temperature and lubricant volume. Certain lubricants demonstrate earlier
fail at room temperature than at elevated temperatures. The findings highlight
the importance of careful selection and optimization of lubricants for electrical
connectors under varying environmental conditions.
author:
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Blauth, Michael
id: '49095'
last_name: Blauth
- first_name: Sören
full_name: Tülling, Sören
id: '71422'
last_name: Tülling
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Song, Jian
id: '5297'
last_name: Song
citation:
ama: Blauth M, Tülling S, Song J. Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts.
(ieee-holm, ed.). IEEE; 2025. doi:10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329
apa: Blauth, M., Tülling, S., & Song, J. (2025). Effect of Operating Temperature
and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated
Electrical Contacts. In ieee-holm (Ed.), Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm
Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329
bjps: 'Blauth M, Tülling S and Song J (2025) Effect of Operating Temperature
and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated
Electrical Contacts, ieee-holm (ed.). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
chicago: 'Blauth, Michael, Sören Tülling, and Jian Song. Effect of Operating
Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of
Silver Plated Electrical Contacts. Edited by ieee-holm. Proceedings of
the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM). Electrical Contacts.
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329.'
chicago-de: 'Blauth, Michael, Sören Tülling und Jian Song. 2025. Effect of Operating
Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of
Silver Plated Electrical Contacts. Hg. von ieee-holm. Proceedings of the
70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM). Electrical contacts.
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Blauth, Michael ; Tülling, Sören ; Song,
Jian ; ieee-holm (Hrsg.):
Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the
Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts, Electrical contacts.
Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2025'
havard: M. Blauth, S. Tülling, J. Song, Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts,
IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2025.
ieee: 'M. Blauth, S. Tülling, and J. Song, Effect of Operating Temperature and
Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical
Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2025. doi: 10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329.'
mla: Blauth, Michael, et al. “Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity
of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts.”
Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM),
edited by ieee-holm, IEEE, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329.
short: M. Blauth, S. Tülling, J. Song, Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts,
IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2025.
ufg: 'Blauth, Michael/Tülling, Sören/Song, Jian: Effect of Operating Temperature
and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated
Electrical Contacts, hg. von ieee-holm, Piscataway, NJ 2025 (Electrical contacts).'
van: 'Blauth M, Tülling S, Song J. Effect of Operating Temperature and Application
Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts.
ieee-holm, editor. Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical
Contacts (HLM). Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2025. (Electrical contacts).'
conference:
end_date: 2025-10-22
location: 'San Antonio, TX, USA '
name: 70th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)
start_date: 2025-10-15
corporate_editor:
- ieee-holm
date_created: 2026-02-24T14:48:06Z
date_updated: 2026-02-27T11:06:57Z
department:
- _id: DEP6000
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329
keyword:
- Connectors
- Resistance
- Silver
- Lubricants
- Contacts
- Oils
- Friction
- Corrosion
- Optimization
language:
- iso: eng
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 979-8-3315-5996-0
isbn:
- 979-8-3315-5997-7
issn:
- 2158-9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
series_title: Electrical contacts
status: public
title: Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the
Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83778'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '11360'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The state of health and lifetime estimation process of electrical connectors
via lifetime tests is a time and labor intensive process. In our previous work,
a correlation between the contact resistance developments in the early stages
of lifetime tests of electrical connectors with the final results was established
using a data driven statistical process based on probability distribution. Also,
state of health indicators for prognosis of lifetime were introduced. In this
work, the state of health indicators have been optimized. The sensitivity analysis
is performed with regards to the selection of the appropriate amount of test data
based on test duration for the reliable prognosis of the state of health and the
characteristic lifetime. Through this the possibility of further reduction of
test duration required for the reliable prognosis of state of health is investigated.
Based on the results of analysis, a guideline for the determination of the duration
of lifetime tests which lead to a reliable prediction of lifetime of connectors
can be provided. Also, an assessment of the state of art in the prognosis of the
lifetime of electrical connectors has been presented.
author:
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Song, Jian
id: '5297'
last_name: Song
- first_name: Abhay Rammurti
full_name: Shukla, Abhay Rammurti
id: '74188'
last_name: Shukla
- first_name: Roman
full_name: Probst, Roman
id: '69156'
last_name: Probst
citation:
ama: Song J, Shukla AR, Probst R. Advances in Evaluation of State of Health of
Electrical Connectors. IEEE; 2023:200-208. doi:10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279
apa: Song, J., Shukla, A. R., & Probst, R. (2023). Advances in Evaluation of
State of Health of Electrical Connectors. In 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference
on Electrical Contacts (HOLM) (pp. 200–208). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279
bjps: 'Song J, Shukla AR and Probst R (2023) Advances in Evaluation of
State of Health of Electrical Connectors. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE.'
chicago: 'Song, Jian, Abhay Rammurti Shukla, and Roman Probst. Advances in Evaluation
of State of Health of Electrical Connectors. 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference
on Electrical Contacts (HOLM). Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on
Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279.'
chicago-de: 'Song, Jian, Abhay Rammurti Shukla und Roman Probst. 2023. Advances
in Evaluation of State of Health of Electrical Connectors. 2023 IEEE 68th
Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM). Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm
Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE. doi:10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Song, Jian ; Shukla,
Abhay Rammurti ; Probst, Roman:
Advances in Evaluation of State of Health of Electrical Connectors, Electrical
Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. [Piscataway, NJ] : IEEE,
2023'
havard: J. Song, A.R. Shukla, R. Probst, Advances in Evaluation of State of Health
of Electrical Connectors, IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2023.
ieee: 'J. Song, A. R. Shukla, and R. Probst, Advances in Evaluation of State
of Health of Electrical Connectors. [Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE, 2023, pp. 200–208.
doi: 10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279.'
mla: Song, Jian, et al. “Advances in Evaluation of State of Health of Electrical
Connectors.” 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM),
IEEE, 2023, pp. 200–08, https://doi.org/10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279.
short: J. Song, A.R. Shukla, R. Probst, Advances in Evaluation of State of Health
of Electrical Connectors, IEEE, [Piscataway, NJ], 2023.
ufg: 'Song, Jian/Shukla, Abhay Rammurti/Probst, Roman: Advances in Evaluation
of State of Health of Electrical Connectors, [Piscataway, NJ] 2023 (Electrical
Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts).'
van: 'Song J, Shukla AR, Probst R. Advances in Evaluation of State of Health of
Electrical Connectors. 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM).
[Piscataway, NJ]: IEEE; 2023. (Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical
Contacts).'
conference:
end_date: 2023-10-11
location: Seattle
name: 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)
start_date: 2023-10-04
date_created: 2024-04-18T10:11:50Z
date_updated: 2025-06-26T07:54:50Z
doi: 10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279
keyword:
- accelerated life testing
- test duration
- contact resistance
- statistical model
- connector reliability
language:
- iso: eng
page: 200-208
place: '[Piscataway, NJ]'
publication: 2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 979‐8‐3503‐4246‐8
- '979‐8‐3503‐4245‐1 '
eissn:
- 2158‐9992
isbn:
- 979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4
issn:
- 2158-9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
series_title: Electrical Contacts-IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
status: public
title: Advances in Evaluation of State of Health of Electrical Connectors
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '9210'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In order to guarantee long lifetime and high performance of electrical contacts,
a plating is usually applied on the base material. Silver is a promising plating
material because of a good balance between performance and costs. The conventional
silver plating is soft; therefore, a thick silver plating should be used to prevent
the wear through during the operation. In order to enhance the wear resistance
and prolong the lifetime of the silver plating, silver platings are modified by
co-depositing nanoparticles with a core/shell structure into the silver matrix.
A novel method to prepare the Ag (shell)@Al 2 O 3 (core) nanoparticles by galvanic
process is introduced in this paper. The influence of fabrication parameters in
the galvanic process such as the concentration of silver nitrate solution and
the plating voltage on the silver content in the Ag@Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles is
investigated. Afterwards, different concentrations of core/shell nanoparticles
are co-deposited into the silver plating to study the effect of nanoparticles
on the microhardness, microstructure and the lifetime of the silver plating. As
a result, the microhardness and the lifetime of the silver plating are significantly
improved and a favorable nanoparticle concentration exists for the longest lifetime.
Moreover, the mechanism of the lifetime improvement is determined.
author:
- first_name: Haomiao
full_name: Yuan, Haomiao
id: '61860'
last_name: Yuan
- first_name: Roman
full_name: Probst, Roman
id: '69156'
last_name: Probst
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Song, Jian
id: '5297'
last_name: Song
citation:
ama: Yuan H, Probst R, Song J. Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the Fretting
Behavior of Electrical Contacts. IEEE; 2022:166-173. doi:10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773
apa: 'Yuan, H., Probst, R., & Song, J. (2022). Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles
on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts. In Electrical contacts - 2022 :
proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
(pp. 166–173). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773'
bjps: 'Yuan H, Probst R and Song J (2022) Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles
on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
chicago: 'Yuan, Haomiao, Roman Probst, and Jian Song. Influence of Core/Shell
Nanoparticles on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts. Electrical
Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical
Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773.'
chicago-de: 'Yuan, Haomiao, Roman Probst und Jian Song. 2022. Influence of Core/Shell
Nanoparticles on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts. Electrical
contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical
Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Yuan, Haomiao ; Probst, Roman ; Song,
Jian: Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the Fretting Behavior
of Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2022'
havard: H. Yuan, R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the
Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.
ieee: 'H. Yuan, R. Probst, and J. Song, Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles
on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2022,
pp. 166–173. doi: 10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773.'
mla: 'Yuan, Haomiao, et al. “Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the Fretting
Behavior of Electrical Contacts.” Electrical Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings
of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, IEEE, 2022,
pp. 166–73, https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773.'
short: H. Yuan, R. Probst, J. Song, Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the
Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.
ufg: 'Yuan, Haomiao/Probst, Roman/Song, Jian: Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles
on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts, Piscataway, NJ 2022.'
van: 'Yuan H, Probst R, Song J. Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the Fretting
Behavior of Electrical Contacts. Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the
Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE;
2022.'
conference:
end_date: 2022-10-26
location: ' Tampa, FL, USA'
name: 67th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
start_date: 2022-10-23
date_created: 2022-12-11T13:46:02Z
date_updated: 2024-08-05T08:01:04Z
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773
keyword:
- Nanoparticles
- Resistance
- Fabrication
- Silver
- Costs
- Contacts
- Voltage
language:
- iso: eng
page: 166 - 173
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: 'Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm
Conference on Electrical Contacts'
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 978-1-6654-5965-5
isbn:
- 978-1-6654-5966-2
- 978-1-6654-5967-9
issn:
- 2158-9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical
Contacts
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '9211'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Lifetime tests of connectors are time consuming and labor intensive. Our study
reveals a strong correlation between the statistical characteristics of contact
resistance development in the early stages of lifetime tests and the final results
of the tests. This correlation enables a further time lapse of lifetime tests
and the prediction of the state of the health of connectors which can be utilized
in the development of diagnostic strategy in sophisticated networks with very
high number of connectors as well as in a quick classification of connectors with
respect to their design features. Methods of statistical evaluation are introduced
and the sensitivity analyses of different characteristics for the state of health
of connectors are conducted.
author:
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Song, Jian
id: '5297'
last_name: Song
- first_name: Abhay Rammurti
full_name: Shukla, Abhay Rammurti
id: '72757'
last_name: Shukla
- first_name: Roman
full_name: Probst, Roman
id: '69156'
last_name: Probst
citation:
ama: Song J, Shukla AR, Probst R. State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators.
IEEE; 2022:272-278. doi:10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839
apa: 'Song, J., Shukla, A. R., & Probst, R. (2022). State of Health of Connectors
– Early Indicators. In Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh
IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (pp. 272–278). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839'
bjps: 'Song J, Shukla AR and Probst R (2022) State of Health of Connectors
– Early Indicators. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.'
chicago: 'Song, Jian, Abhay Rammurti Shukla, and Roman Probst. State of Health
of Connectors – Early Indicators. Electrical Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings
of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway,
NJ: IEEE, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839.'
chicago-de: 'Song, Jian, Abhay Rammurti Shukla und Roman Probst. 2022. State
of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators. Electrical contacts - 2022 :
proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts.
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Song, Jian ; Shukla,
Abhay Rammurti ; Probst, Roman:
State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE,
2022'
havard: J. Song, A.R. Shukla, R. Probst, State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators,
IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.
ieee: 'J. Song, A. R. Shukla, and R. Probst, State of Health of Connectors –
Early Indicators. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2022, pp. 272–278. doi: 10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839.'
mla: 'Song, Jian, et al. “State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators.” Electrical
Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical
Contacts, IEEE, 2022, pp. 272–78, https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839.'
short: J. Song, A.R. Shukla, R. Probst, State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators,
IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.
ufg: 'Song, Jian/Shukla, Abhay Rammurti/Probst, Roman: State of Health of
Connectors – Early Indicators, Piscataway, NJ 2022.'
van: 'Song J, Shukla AR, Probst R. State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators.
Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference
on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2022.'
conference:
end_date: 2022-10-26
location: Tampa, FL, USA
name: 67th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
start_date: 2022-10-23
date_created: 2022-12-11T13:50:30Z
date_updated: 2024-08-05T08:01:22Z
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969839
keyword:
- Connectors
- Correlation
- Sensitivity analysis
- Contact resistance
- Lifetime estimation
- Reliability
- Electrical resistance measurement
language:
- iso: eng
page: 272 - 278
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: 'Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm
Conference on Electrical Contacts'
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-1-6654-5965-5
isbn:
- 978-1-6654-5966-2
- 978-1-6654-5967-9
issn:
- 2158-9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: State of Health of Connectors – Early Indicators
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '9213'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The function and reliability of electrical connectors in automotive applications
is crucial for vehicle safety, especially with regard to E-mobility and autonomous
driving. For this reason, electrical connectors are being developed for long-term
use applications. However, a small amount of function failures are still being
observed in long-term use field vehicles. In this study all electrical connectors
of five long-term driven vehicles from various car manufacturers are disassembled
and analyzed. The same analysis procedure is followed for every vehicle and the
electrical resistance of the connectors is measured to determine electrical failures.
The contacts of failed connectors are further analyzed using optical microscopy,
XRF spectroscopy, EDS and detailed contact resistance mapping. By comparing the
connectors with electrical failures to the same types of connectors with a proper
electrical resistance, failure mechanisms can be detected and analyzed. The frequency
of various failure mechanisms is statistically evaluated. The results of the analysis
provide valuable indications with respect to improvement of the reliability of
connectors.
author:
- first_name: Dirk
full_name: Hilmert, Dirk
id: '74212'
last_name: Hilmert
- first_name: Haomiao
full_name: Yuan, Haomiao
id: '61860'
last_name: Yuan
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Song, Jian
id: '5297'
last_name: Song
citation:
ama: Hilmert D, Yuan H, Song J. The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical
Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles. IEEE; 2022:9-16. doi:10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820
apa: 'Hilmert, D., Yuan, H., & Song, J. (2022). The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms
of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles. In Electrical contacts
- 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
(pp. 9–16). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820'
bjps: 'Hilmert D, Yuan H and Song J (2022) The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms
of Electrical Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles. Piscataway, NJ:
IEEE.'
chicago: 'Hilmert, Dirk, Haomiao Yuan, and Jian Song. The Analysis of Failure
Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles. Electrical
Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical
Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820.'
chicago-de: 'Hilmert, Dirk, Haomiao Yuan und Jian Song. 2022. The Analysis of
Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles.
Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference
on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Hilmert, Dirk ; Yuan, Haomiao ; Song,
Jian: The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in
Long-term Use Field Vehicles. Piscataway, NJ : IEEE, 2022'
havard: D. Hilmert, H. Yuan, J. Song, The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical
Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.
ieee: 'D. Hilmert, H. Yuan, and J. Song, The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of
Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE,
2022, pp. 9–16. doi: 10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820.'
mla: 'Hilmert, Dirk, et al. “The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors
in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles.” Electrical Contacts - 2022 : Proceedings
of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, IEEE, 2022,
pp. 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820.'
short: D. Hilmert, H. Yuan, J. Song, The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical
Connectors in Long-Term Use Field Vehicles, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2022.
ufg: 'Hilmert, Dirk/Yuan, Haomiao/Song, Jian: The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms
of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles, Piscataway, NJ 2022.'
van: 'Hilmert D, Yuan H, Song J. The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical
Connectors in Long-term Use Field Vehicles. Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings
of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway,
NJ: IEEE; 2022.'
conference:
end_date: 2022-10-26
location: Tampa, FL, USA
name: 67th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
start_date: 2022-10-23
date_created: 2022-12-11T13:55:18Z
date_updated: 2024-08-05T08:18:13Z
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969820
keyword:
- Connectors
- Resistance
- Spectroscopy
- Optical microscopy
- Microscopy
- Vehicle safety
- Failure analysis
language:
- iso: eng
page: 9 - 16
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: 'Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm
Conference on Electrical Contacts'
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-1-6654-5965-5
isbn:
- 978-1-6654-5966-2
- 978-1-6654-5967-9
issn:
- 2158-9992
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: The Analysis of Failure Mechanisms of Electrical Connectors in Long-term Use
Field Vehicles
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '12946'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Ostrich meat is characterized by high nutritional value; however, it remains
an exotic product in most countries worldwide. In Europe, only few data are available
regarding its microbial contamination, prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria,
and safety. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality
and safety of ostrich meat samples (n = 55), each from one animal, produced in
Bavaria, Germany. The provided microbiological status of ostrich meat included
mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteria, and mesophilic yeast and molds. In
terms of food safety, all meat samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Trichinella
spp. Additionally, meat samples and a further 30 stool samples from 30 individuals
were investigated for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes, with two meat
samples that were qPCR-positive. Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus
faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium strains were from meat and stool samples also
analyzed; 13 potentially resistant Enterobacteriaceae (meat samples) and 4 Enterococcus
faecium (stool samples) were isolated, and their susceptibility against 29 and
14 antimicrobials, respectively, was characterized. The results of this study
provide an overview of microbial loads and food safety aspects that may be used
as baseline data for the ostrich meat industry to improve their hygienic quality.
However, the implementation of monitoring programs is recommended, and microbiological
standards for ostrich meat production should be established.
article_number: '985'
author:
- first_name: Philipp-Michael
full_name: Beindorf, Philipp-Michael
last_name: Beindorf
- first_name: Oksana
full_name: Kovalenko, Oksana
last_name: Kovalenko
- first_name: Sebastian
full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
id: '85847'
last_name: Ulrich
orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Hanna
full_name: Geißler, Hanna
last_name: Geißler
- first_name: Rüdiger
full_name: Korbel, Rüdiger
last_name: Korbel
- first_name: Karin
full_name: Schwaiger, Karin
last_name: Schwaiger
- first_name: Samart
full_name: Dorn-In, Samart
last_name: Dorn-In
- first_name: Irene
full_name: Esteban-Cuesta, Irene
last_name: Esteban-Cuesta
citation:
ama: 'Beindorf PM, Kovalenko O, Ulrich S, et al. Investigation of Meat from Ostriches
Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial
Resistance. Biology : open access journal. 2022;11(7). doi:10.3390/biology11070985'
apa: 'Beindorf, P.-M., Kovalenko, O., Ulrich, S., Geißler, H., Korbel, R., Schwaiger,
K., Dorn-In, S., & Esteban-Cuesta, I. (2022). Investigation of Meat from Ostriches
Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial
Resistance. Biology : Open Access Journal, 11(7), Article 985. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11070985'
bjps: 'Beindorf P-M et al. (2022) Investigation of Meat from Ostriches
Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial
Resistance. Biology : open access journal 11.'
chicago: 'Beindorf, Philipp-Michael, Oksana Kovalenko, Sebastian Ulrich, Hanna Geißler,
Rüdiger Korbel, Karin Schwaiger, Samart Dorn-In, and Irene Esteban-Cuesta. “Investigation
of Meat from Ostriches Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological
Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance.” Biology : Open Access Journal 11,
no. 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11070985.'
chicago-de: 'Beindorf, Philipp-Michael, Oksana Kovalenko, Sebastian Ulrich, Hanna
Geißler, Rüdiger Korbel, Karin Schwaiger, Samart Dorn-In und Irene Esteban-Cuesta.
2022. Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria,
Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance. Biology : open
access journal 11, Nr. 7. doi:10.3390/biology11070985,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Beindorf, Philipp-Michael
; Kovalenko, Oksana ; Ulrich,
Sebastian ; Geißler, Hanna
; Korbel, Rüdiger ; Schwaiger,
Karin ; Dorn-In, Samart ;
Esteban-Cuesta, Irene: Investigation
of Meat from Ostriches Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological
Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance. In: Biology : open access journal
Bd. 11. Basel, MDPI (2022), Nr. 7'
havard: 'P.-M. Beindorf, O. Kovalenko, S. Ulrich, H. Geißler, R. Korbel, K. Schwaiger,
S. Dorn-In, I. Esteban-Cuesta, Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised and
Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance,
Biology : Open Access Journal. 11 (2022).'
ieee: 'P.-M. Beindorf et al., “Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised
and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial
Resistance,” Biology : open access journal, vol. 11, no. 7, Art. no. 985,
2022, doi: 10.3390/biology11070985.'
mla: 'Beindorf, Philipp-Michael, et al. “Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised
and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial
Resistance.” Biology : Open Access Journal, vol. 11, no. 7, 985, 2022,
https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11070985.'
short: 'P.-M. Beindorf, O. Kovalenko, S. Ulrich, H. Geißler, R. Korbel, K. Schwaiger,
S. Dorn-In, I. Esteban-Cuesta, Biology : Open Access Journal 11 (2022).'
ufg: 'Beindorf, Philipp-Michael u. a.: Investigation of Meat from Ostriches
Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany: Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial
Resistance, in: Biology : open access journal 11 (2022), H. 7.'
van: 'Beindorf PM, Kovalenko O, Ulrich S, Geißler H, Korbel R, Schwaiger K, et al.
Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany:
Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance. Biology : open access journal.
2022;11(7).'
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:56:52Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T11:55:55Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/biology11070985
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 11'
issue: '7'
keyword:
- antimicrobial resistance
- meat microbiology
- Salmonella
- STEC
- Trichinella
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: 'Biology : open access journal'
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 2079-7737
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Investigation of Meat from Ostriches Raised and Slaughtered in Bavaria, Germany:
Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance'
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 11
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '6317'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The electrical-thermal behavior of an electrical connector is determined by
heat generation due to Joule heating and heat absorption by conduction, convection
and radiation. Heat flow from the connector to the wire is an important heat absorption
mechanism for most electrical connectors. The temperature difference between the
connector and the wire at infinity is proportional to the axial heat flow induced
into the wire. The purpose of this study is to dimension the electrical resistance
of a connector for power distribution by the heat flow into the wire. The heat
flow is used as a design factor in order to define the maximum power loss for
wires with different cross-section areas. With this approach the maximum acceptable
electrical resistance for connectors with different sizes can be estimated in
the early stages of the design process.
author:
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Blauth, Michael
id: '49095'
last_name: Blauth
- first_name: Frank
full_name: Berger, Frank
last_name: Berger
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Song, Jian
id: '5297'
last_name: Song
citation:
ama: 'Blauth M, Berger F, Song J. Influence of the Electrical Resistance and Wire
Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors. In: IEEE, ed. 60th IEEE
Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. IEEE; 2014:192-199. doi:10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043'
apa: Blauth, M., Berger, F., & Song, J. (2014). Influence of the Electrical
Resistance and Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors. In IEEE
(Ed.), 60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (pp. 192–199).
IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043
bjps: 'Blauth M, Berger F and Song J (2014) Influence of the Electrical Resistance
and Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors. In IEEE (ed.), 60th
IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, pp. 192–199.'
chicago: 'Blauth, Michael, Frank Berger, and Jian Song. “Influence of the Electrical
Resistance and Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors.” In 60th
IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, edited by IEEE, 192–99. Piscataway,
NJ: IEEE, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043.'
chicago-de: 'Blauth, Michael, Frank Berger und Jian Song. 2014. Influence of the
Electrical Resistance and Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors.
In: 60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, hg. von IEEE, 192–199.
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. doi:10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Blauth, Michael ; Berger, Frank ; Song,
Jian: Influence of the Electrical Resistance and Wire Size on the Current
Carrying Capacity of Connectors. In: IEEE
(Hrsg.): 60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway,
NJ : IEEE, 2014, S. 192–199'
havard: 'M. Blauth, F. Berger, J. Song, Influence of the Electrical Resistance and
Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors, in: IEEE (Ed.), 60th
IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2014: pp. 192–199.'
ieee: 'M. Blauth, F. Berger, and J. Song, “Influence of the Electrical Resistance
and Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors,” in 60th IEEE
Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, New Orleans, LA, USA , 2014, pp. 192–199.
doi: 10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043.'
mla: Blauth, Michael, et al. “Influence of the Electrical Resistance and Wire Size
on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors.” 60th IEEE Holm Conference
on Electrical Contacts, edited by IEEE, IEEE, 2014, pp. 192–99, https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043.
short: 'M. Blauth, F. Berger, J. Song, in: IEEE (Ed.), 60th IEEE Holm Conference
on Electrical Contacts, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 2014, pp. 192–199.'
ufg: 'Blauth, Michael/Berger, Frank/Song, Jian: Influence of the Electrical
Resistance and Wire Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors, in: IEEE
(Hg.): 60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Piscataway, NJ 2014,
S. 192–199.'
van: 'Blauth M, Berger F, Song J. Influence of the Electrical Resistance and Wire
Size on the Current Carrying Capacity of Connectors. In: IEEE, editor. 60th IEEE
Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2014. p. 192–9.'
conference:
end_date: 2014-10-15
location: 'New Orleans, LA, USA '
name: 60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
start_date: 2014-10-12
corporate_editor:
- IEEE
date_created: 2021-09-16T08:10:59Z
date_updated: 2026-03-04T14:13:15Z
department:
- _id: DEP6012
doi: 10.1109/HOLM.2014.7031043
keyword:
- Wires
- Connectors
- Temperature measurement
- Resistance
- Heat transfer
- Resistance heating
language:
- iso: eng
page: 192 - 199
place: Piscataway, NJ
publication: 60th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-1-4799-6068-2
isbn:
- '978-1-4799-6069-9 '
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Influence of the Electrical Resistance and Wire Size on the Current Carrying
Capacity of Connectors
type: conference
user_id: '83781'
year: '2014'
...
---
_id: '2082'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A robust vision system for the counterfeit detection of bank ATM keyboards
is presented. The approach is based on the continuous inspection of a keyboard
surface by the authenticity verification of coded covert surface features. For
the surface coding suitable visual patterns on the keyboard are selected while
considering constraints from the visual imperceptibility, robustness and geometrical
disturbances to be encountered from the aging effects. The system’s robustness
against varying camera-keyboard distances, lighting conditions and dirt-and-scratches
effects is investigated. Finally, a demonstrator working in real-time is developed
in order to publicly demonstrate the surface authentication process.
author:
- first_name: Taswar
full_name: Iqbal, Taswar
last_name: Iqbal
- first_name: Dinh Khoi
full_name: Le, Dinh Khoi
last_name: Le
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Nolte, Michael
last_name: Nolte
- first_name: Volker
full_name: Lohweg, Volker
id: '1804'
last_name: Lohweg
orcid: 0000-0002-3325-7887
citation:
ama: 'Iqbal T, Le DK, Nolte M, Lohweg V. Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection
for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation
. In: 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September
15 – 18, 2009, Accepted for Publication. Vol 5803. Lecture Notes in Computer
Science. Berlin: Springer; 2009:347-354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04617-9_44'
apa: 'Iqbal, T., Le, D. K., Nolte, M., & Lohweg, V. (2009). Human Perception
Based Counterfeit Detection for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial
Intelligence and Automation . In 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Paderborn | September 15 – 18, 2009, accepted for Publication (Vol. 5803,
pp. 347–354). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04617-9_44'
bjps: 'Iqbal T et al. (2009) Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection
for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation
. 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September 15
– 18, 2009, Accepted for Publication, vol. 5803. Berlin: Springer, pp. 347–354.'
chicago: 'Iqbal, Taswar, Dinh Khoi Le, Michael Nolte, and Volker Lohweg. “Human
Perception Based Counterfeit Detection for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009,
Artificial Intelligence and Automation .” In 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial
Intelligence Paderborn | September 15 – 18, 2009, Accepted for Publication,
5803:347–54. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04617-9_44.'
chicago-de: 'Iqbal, Taswar, Dinh Khoi Le, Michael Nolte und Volker Lohweg. 2009.
Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection for Automated Teller Machines, KI
2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation . In: 32nd Annual Conference on
Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September 15 – 18, 2009, accepted for Publication,
5803:347–354. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04617-9_44,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Iqbal, Taswar ; Le, Dinh Khoi ; Nolte,
Michael ; Lohweg, Volker:
Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection for Automated Teller Machines, KI
2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation . In: 32nd Annual Conference on
Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September 15 – 18, 2009, accepted for Publication,
Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Bd. 5803. Berlin : Springer, 2009, S. 347–354'
havard: 'T. Iqbal, D.K. Le, M. Nolte, V. Lohweg, Human Perception Based Counterfeit
Detection for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and
Automation , in: 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn |
September 15 – 18, 2009, Accepted for Publication, Springer, Berlin, 2009: pp.
347–354.'
ieee: T. Iqbal, D. K. Le, M. Nolte, and V. Lohweg, “Human Perception Based Counterfeit
Detection for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and
Automation ,” in 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn
| September 15 – 18, 2009, accepted for Publication, 2009, vol. 5803, pp.
347–354.
mla: Iqbal, Taswar, et al. “Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection for Automated
Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation .” 32nd Annual
Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September 15 – 18, 2009, Accepted
for Publication, vol. 5803, Springer, 2009, pp. 347–54, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04617-9_44.
short: 'T. Iqbal, D.K. Le, M. Nolte, V. Lohweg, in: 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial
Intelligence Paderborn | September 15 – 18, 2009, Accepted for Publication, Springer,
Berlin, 2009, pp. 347–354.'
ufg: 'Iqbal, Taswar et. al. (2009): Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection
for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation
, in: 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September
15 – 18, 2009, accepted for Publication (=Lecture Notes in Computer Science
5803), Berlin, S. 347–354.'
van: 'Iqbal T, Le DK, Nolte M, Lohweg V. Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection
for Automated Teller Machines, KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation
. In: 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September
15 – 18, 2009, accepted for Publication. Berlin: Springer; 2009. p. 347–54. (Lecture
Notes in Computer Science; vol. 5803).'
date_created: 2019-11-29T14:54:54Z
date_updated: 2023-03-15T13:49:38Z
department:
- _id: DEP5023
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04617-9_44
intvolume: ' 5803'
keyword:
- ATMs
- human perception
- counterfeit resistance
- digital authentication
- surface coding
- pattern recognition
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-04617-9_44
page: 347-354
place: Berlin
publication: 32nd Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence Paderborn | September
15 – 18, 2009, accepted for Publication
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-3-642-04617-9
isbn:
- 978-3-642-04616-2
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
series_title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
status: public
title: 'Human Perception Based Counterfeit Detection for Automated Teller Machines,
KI 2009, Artificial Intelligence and Automation '
type: conference
user_id: '45673'
volume: 5803
year: 2009
...