@misc{13433,
  abstract     = {{The use of lubricants on electrical connector contacts is essential for certain applications in order to reduce mating forces, minimize wear, and mitigate fretting corrosion. However, increasing performance requirements (e.g., operation at elevated temperatures) and regulatory restrictions are prompting a reassessment of lubricant selection. In this study, the influence of three lubricants (one oil and two greases), operating temperature (room temperature and 130°C), and applied volume (low, medium and high volume) on electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction (CoF) is investigated by means of fretting wear tests on silver-plated contacts. The results show that unlubricated silver contacts exhibit a longer stable phase at 130 °C than at room temperature. For lubricated contacts, service life is influenced by both temperature and lubricant volume. Certain lubricants demonstrate earlier fail at room temperature than at elevated temperatures. The findings highlight the importance of careful selection and optimization of lubricants for electrical connectors under varying environmental conditions.}},
  author       = {{Blauth, Michael and Tülling, Sören and Song, Jian}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings of the 70th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HLM)}},
  isbn         = {{979-8-3315-5997-7}},
  issn         = {{2158-9992}},
  keywords     = {{Connectors, Resistance, Silver, Lubricants, Contacts, Oils, Friction, Corrosion, Optimization}},
  location     = {{San Antonio, TX, USA }},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Effect of Operating Temperature and Application Quantity of Lubricants on the Fretting Behavior of Silver Plated Electrical Contacts}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/hlm51652.2025.11278329}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@misc{11359,
  abstract     = {{The reliability and lifetime of electrical contacts is an important aspect in system reliability and is influenced by numerous factors. Micro motions as well as vibrations lead to fretting wear, which can result in wear through of the protective coating. If this layer is worn through, the non-noble layer underneath is exposed, resulting in the occurrence of fretting corrosion with further relative motion. This leads to an increased electrical contact resistance (ECR) and can cause the contact to fail. Increasing the hardness of the coating material can reduce the wear and in turn increase contacts’ lifetime. The micro hardness, wear and lifetime of contacts with modified hard silver coatings are investigated in fretting wear and corrosion tests and the results compared to a conventional silver coating. Since one of the modifications shows a significant reduction in wear and hence improvement in lifetime, further analysis with SEM and FIB is conducted in order to identify the key mechanisms leading to this improvement. With a further increase in lifetime however, fatigue as well as delamination of the coating are revealed to be of high relevance. Both can be main causes of electrical contact failure under fretting load. In general, at lower number of cycles, increased micro hardness has the greatest effect on lifetime and wear while at the higher number of cycles, fatigue is observed to be the dominant failure mechanism.}},
  author       = {{Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}},
  booktitle    = {{2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)}},
  isbn         = {{979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4}},
  issn         = {{2158‐9992}},
  keywords     = {{electrical contacts, lifetime, silver coating, fretting corrosion, fatigue, wear through}},
  location     = {{Seattle }},
  pages        = {{88 -- 94}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Influence of Hardness and Fatigue on the Lifetime of a Modified Silver Coating in Fretting Wear and Corrosion Tests}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352299}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{9210,
  abstract     = {{In order to guarantee long lifetime and high performance of electrical contacts, a plating is usually applied on the base material. Silver is a promising plating material because of a good balance between performance and costs. The conventional silver plating is soft; therefore, a thick silver plating should be used to prevent the wear through during the operation. In order to enhance the wear resistance and prolong the lifetime of the silver plating, silver platings are modified by co-depositing nanoparticles with a core/shell structure into the silver matrix. A novel method to prepare the Ag (shell)@Al 2 O 3 (core) nanoparticles by galvanic process is introduced in this paper. The influence of fabrication parameters in the galvanic process such as the concentration of silver nitrate solution and the plating voltage on the silver content in the Ag@Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles is investigated. Afterwards, different concentrations of core/shell nanoparticles are co-deposited into the silver plating to study the effect of nanoparticles on the microhardness, microstructure and the lifetime of the silver plating. As a result, the microhardness and the lifetime of the silver plating are significantly improved and a favorable nanoparticle concentration exists for the longest lifetime. Moreover, the mechanism of the lifetime improvement is determined.}},
  author       = {{Yuan, Haomiao and Probst, Roman and Song, Jian}},
  booktitle    = {{Electrical contacts - 2022 : proceedings of the Sixty-Seventh IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts}},
  isbn         = {{978-1-6654-5966-2}},
  issn         = {{978-1-6654-5965-5}},
  keywords     = {{Nanoparticles, Resistance, Fabrication, Silver, Costs, Contacts, Voltage}},
  location     = {{ Tampa, FL, USA}},
  pages        = {{166 -- 173}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Influence of Core/Shell Nanoparticles on the Fretting Behavior of Electrical Contacts}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/HLM54538.2022.9969773}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@inbook{744,
  abstract     = {{Silver cluster ions are produced by sputtering of solid silver by 25 keV Xe+ bombardment. After mass selection, collinear ion beam depletion technique is used to measure absolute photofragmentation cross-sections in the photon energy range from ħω = 2.3 to 5.7 eV. Giant resonances are found which can be interpreted in terms of a collective electron oscillation. The optical spectra of spherical Ag 9 + and Ag 21 + show a blue shift of the resonance energy, in contrast to an expected behaviour within the jellium model. For Ag 11 +, a splitting of the giant resonance is found.}},
  author       = {{Tiggesbäumker, J. and Köller, Lars and O. Lutz, H. and Meiwes-Broer, Karl-Heinz}},
  booktitle    = {{Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems: From Clusters to Crystals}},
  editor       = {{Jena, P. and N. Khanna, S. and K. Rao, B.}},
  isbn         = {{978-94-017-2647-4}},
  keywords     = {{Oscillator Strength, Collective Excitation, Giant Dipole Resonance, Silver Cluster, Gigant Resonance}},
  pages        = {{1001--1006}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Collective Excitation in Silver Cluster Ions}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2645-0_135}},
  volume       = {{374}},
  year         = {{1992}},
}