---
_id: '14025'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Background\r\nMuscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by an excessive concern
    of not being muscular enough. Sociocultural influences appear to play a central
    role in the internalization of muscular beauty ideals and the development of MD.
    No study has examined the potential mediating pathways from sociocultural pressure
    sources through internalized beauty standards to an algorithm-defined MD diagnosis
    in the general German population.\r\nMethods\r\nA cross-sectional survey was conducted
    among adults (≥ 18 years) in Germany via the Online Platform Prolific®. Participants
    completed standardized questionnaires assessing sociocultural influences and internalization
    of different beauty standards (SATAQ-4R) and a clinically algorithm-defined MD,
    operationalized using criteria by Pope et al. [4], following the approach described
    by Mitchison et al. [14]. Data were weighted to approximate representativeness
    for the German population across the key demographics age and gender.\r\nResults\r\nIn
    the total sample, a binary logistic regression indicated that internalization
    of the beauty standards Thin/Low body fat, Muscularity, and General Attractiveness
    significantly predicted algorithm-defined MD, whereas sociocultural pressure sources
    such as Family, Peers, Significant Others, and Media were not significant. In
    linear regression models, Media pressures predicted all forms of internalization,
    while Peer pressure predicted only Muscularity internalization. Mediation analyses
    indicated that internalization, particularly internalization of ideals of Muscularity,
    significantly mediated the relationship between Media and Peer pressures and algorithm-defined
    MD. Gender-specific analyses also showed Muscularity internalization as the key
    mediator for both men and women. In men, internalization of General Attractiveness
    ideals additionally mediated the relationship between Media pressure and MD. In
    women, only Family had a significant effect on algorithm-defined MD, mediated
    via Muscularity Internalization.\r\nDiscussion\r\nOur findings highlight that
    internalization, particularly of the Muscularity ideal, appears to be a core mechanism
    linking sociocultural pressures to algorithm-defined MD. These results provide
    empirical evidence that interventions for MD need to focus on modifying internalized
    appearance ideals, especially the Muscularity ideal, to reduce MD symptoms in
    both men and women, with additional attention to General Attractiveness internalization
    in men."
article_number: '176'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Marietta
  full_name: Lieb, Marietta
  last_name: Lieb
- first_name: Christopher
  full_name: Zaiser, Christopher
  last_name: Zaiser
- first_name: Nora M.
  full_name: Laskowski, Nora M.
  last_name: Laskowski
- first_name: Georg
  full_name: Halbeisen, Georg
  id: '85780'
  last_name: Halbeisen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
- first_name: Georgios
  full_name: Paslakis, Georgios
  last_name: Paslakis
citation:
  ama: Lieb M, Zaiser C, Laskowski NM, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. The impact of peer
    and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women in the general German
    population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity ideals. <i>Journal
    of Eating Disorders</i>. 2026;14(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3">10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3</a>
  apa: Lieb, M., Zaiser, C., Laskowski, N. M., Halbeisen, G., &#38; Paslakis, G. (2026).
    The impact of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women in
    the general German population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity
    ideals. <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i>, <i>14</i>(1), Article 176. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3</a>
  bjps: <b>Lieb M <i>et al.</i></b> (2026) The Impact of Peer and Media Pressure on
    Muscle Dysmorphia for Men and Women in the General German Population Is Mediated
    by the Internalization of Muscularity Ideals. <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i>
    <b>14</b>.
  chicago: Lieb, Marietta, Christopher Zaiser, Nora M. Laskowski, Georg Halbeisen,
    and Georgios Paslakis. “The Impact of Peer and Media Pressure on Muscle Dysmorphia
    for Men and Women in the General German Population Is Mediated by the Internalization
    of Muscularity Ideals.” <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i> 14, no. 1 (2026). <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3</a>.
  chicago-de: Lieb, Marietta, Christopher Zaiser, Nora M. Laskowski, Georg Halbeisen
    und Georgios Paslakis. 2026. The impact of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia
    for men and women in the general German population is mediated by the internalization
    of muscularity ideals. <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i> 14, Nr. 1. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3">10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lieb, Marietta</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Zaiser, Christopher</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Laskowski,
    Nora M.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Halbeisen, Georg</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Paslakis, Georgios</span>: The impact
    of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women in the general
    German population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity ideals. In:
    <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i> Bd. 14. London, Biomed Central  (2026), Nr. 1'
  havard: M. Lieb, C. Zaiser, N.M. Laskowski, G. Halbeisen, G. Paslakis, The impact
    of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women in the general
    German population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity ideals, Journal
    of Eating Disorders. 14 (2026).
  ieee: 'M. Lieb, C. Zaiser, N. M. Laskowski, G. Halbeisen, and G. Paslakis, “The
    impact of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women in the
    general German population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity ideals,”
    <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i>, vol. 14, no. 1, Art. no. 176, 2026, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3">10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3</a>.'
  mla: Lieb, Marietta, et al. “The Impact of Peer and Media Pressure on Muscle Dysmorphia
    for Men and Women in the General German Population Is Mediated by the Internalization
    of Muscularity Ideals.” <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i>, vol. 14, no. 1, 176,
    2026, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3">https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3</a>.
  short: M. Lieb, C. Zaiser, N.M. Laskowski, G. Halbeisen, G. Paslakis, Journal of
    Eating Disorders 14 (2026).
  ufg: '<b>Lieb, Marietta u. a.</b>: The impact of peer and media pressure on muscle
    dysmorphia for men and women in the general German population is mediated by the
    internalization of muscularity ideals, in: <i>Journal of Eating Disorders</i>
    14 (2026), H. 1.'
  van: Lieb M, Zaiser C, Laskowski NM, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. The impact of peer
    and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women in the general German
    population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity ideals. Journal of
    Eating Disorders. 2026;14(1).
date_created: 2026-09-14T05:56:23Z
date_updated: 2026-09-25T13:35:47Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
doi: 10.1186/s40337-026-01718-3
intvolume: '        14'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Fitness and Exercise Culture
- Social Influence
- Societal Psychology
- Social Perception
- Media and Gende
- Media Psychology
- Psychosocial Dynamics of Eating Disorders
language:
- iso: eng
place: London
publication: Journal of Eating Disorders
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2050-2974
publication_status: published
publisher: 'Biomed Central '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: The impact of peer and media pressure on muscle dysmorphia for men and women
  in the general German population is mediated by the internalization of muscularity
  ideals
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 14
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '13791'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Based on 20 personal in-depth interviews, we developed the Service Robot Embarrassment
    Perception Framework (SR-EPF). We identify different sources for embarrassment
    in the service encounter. Furthermore, the framework discusses the role of anonymity,
    discretion, privacy, feelings and mind and interpersonal for different types of
    AI and which coping customers apply reduce the feeling of embarrassment.
author:
- first_name: Stefanie
  full_name: Paluch, Stefanie
  last_name: Paluch
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Wittkop, Thomas
  id: '61636'
  last_name: Wittkop
citation:
  ama: 'Paluch S, Wittkop T. Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing Encounters
    with Service Robots. In: Bruhn M, Hadwich K, eds. <i> Künstliche Intelligenz Im
    Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen</i>.
    Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement. Springer Gabler; 2021:445-469. doi:<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18</a>'
  apa: 'Paluch, S., &#38; Wittkop, T. (2021). Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing
    Encounters with Service Robots. In M. Bruhn &#38; K. Hadwich (Eds.), <i> Künstliche
    Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz –
    Kundeninteraktionen</i> (pp. 445–469). Springer Gabler. <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18</a>'
  bjps: '<b>Paluch S and Wittkop T</b> (2021) Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing
    Encounters with Service Robots. In Bruhn M and Hadwich K (eds), <i> Künstliche
    Intelligenz Im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz –
    Kundeninteraktionen</i>. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, pp. 445–469.'
  chicago: 'Paluch, Stefanie, and Thomas Wittkop. “Do You Care What Robots Think?
    – Embarrassing Encounters with Service Robots.” In <i> Künstliche Intelligenz
    Im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen</i>,
    edited by Manfred Bruhn and Karsten Hadwich, 445–69. Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement.
    Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, 2021. <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Paluch, Stefanie und Thomas Wittkop. 2021. Do You Care What Robots
    Think? – Embarrassing Encounters with Service Robots. In: <i> Künstliche Intelligenz
    im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen</i>,
    hg. von Manfred Bruhn und Karsten Hadwich, 445–469. Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement.
    Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler. doi:<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Paluch, Stefanie</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wittkop, Thomas</span>: Do You Care What Robots
    Think? – Embarrassing Encounters with Service Robots. In: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bruhn,
    M.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hadwich, K.</span> (Hrsg.):
    <i> Künstliche Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder
    – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen</i>, <i>Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement</i>.
    Wiesbaden : Springer Gabler, 2021, S. 445–469'
  havard: 'S. Paluch, T. Wittkop, Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing Encounters
    with Service Robots, in: M. Bruhn, K. Hadwich (Eds.),  Künstliche Intelligenz
    Im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen,
    Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, 2021: pp. 445–469.'
  ieee: 'S. Paluch and T. Wittkop, “Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing
    Encounters with Service Robots,” in <i> Künstliche Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement 
    Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen</i>, M. Bruhn and K. Hadwich,
    Eds. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, 2021, pp. 445–469. doi: <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18</a>.'
  mla: 'Paluch, Stefanie, and Thomas Wittkop. “Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing
    Encounters with Service Robots.” <i> Künstliche Intelligenz Im Dienstleistungsmanagement 
    Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen</i>, edited by Manfred
    Bruhn and Karsten Hadwich, Springer Gabler, 2021, pp. 445–69, <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18</a>.'
  short: 'S. Paluch, T. Wittkop, in: M. Bruhn, K. Hadwich (Eds.),  Künstliche Intelligenz
    Im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen,
    Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, 2021, pp. 445–469.'
  ufg: '<b>Paluch, Stefanie/Wittkop, Thomas</b>: Do You Care What Robots Think? –
    Embarrassing Encounters with Service Robots, in: <i>Bruhn, Manfred/Hadwich, Karsten
    (Hgg.)</i>:  Künstliche Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder
    – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen, Wiesbaden 2021 (Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement), 
    S. 445–469.'
  van: 'Paluch S, Wittkop T. Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing Encounters
    with Service Robots. In: Bruhn M, Hadwich K, editors.  Künstliche Intelligenz
    im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen.
    Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler; 2021. p. 445–69. (Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement).'
date_created: 2026-05-26T17:45:49Z
date_updated: 2026-05-27T11:50:56Z
department:
- _id: DEP3019
doi: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-34326-2_18
editor:
- first_name: Manfred
  full_name: Bruhn, Manfred
  last_name: Bruhn
- first_name: Karsten
  full_name: Hadwich, Karsten
  last_name: Hadwich
keyword:
- ELISPOT
- Expression Systems
- Social Phobia
- Social Perception
- Social Robotics
- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems
- Human-Robot Interaction in Assistive Technologies
language:
- iso: eng
page: 445–469
place: Wiesbaden
publication: ' Künstliche Intelligenz im Dienstleistungsmanagement  Band 2: Einsatzfelder
  – Akzeptanz – Kundeninteraktionen'
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - 978-3-658-34326-2
  isbn:
  - 978-3-658-34325-5
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Gabler
series_title: Forum Dienstleistungsmanagement
status: public
title: Do You Care What Robots Think? – Embarrassing Encounters with Service Robots
type: book_chapter
user_id: '83781'
year: '2021'
...