@misc{12844,
  abstract     = {{Solketal and oxymethylene ether (OME) are two promising blending candidates for regenerative fuels (e-fuels), which could contribute to a holistic solution to the energy crisis. In this study the thermo-oxidative aging of these two e-fuels in their pure form as well as in binary mixtures with different ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) (vol%) is investigated. Herein, the reaction networks of the thermo-oxidative aging process of both e-fuels and mixtures thereof is elucidated based on intermediates and decomposition products determined via GC-MS. Furthermore, changes of important fuel-specific parameters like kinematic viscosity and density as well as total acid number during aging have been determined. The 3:1 solketal:OME (vol%) mixture exhibits a higher stability to thermo-oxidative aging than the pure fuel components or mixtures with other ratios. The viscosity value of this mixture is within the DIN EN 590 norm after accelerated aging of 72 h (viscosity (72 h) = 4.25 mm(2)/s)) unlike other blends. The maximum value of the total acid number of this aged mixture reaches only similar to 29 % of the maximum value of aged pure OME and has the lowest value of all mixtures. Furthermore, the formation of a precipitate could be successfully suppressed in the 3:1 solketal:OME (vol%) mixture different from other mixtures. With these findings, this study contributes to the design of new sustainable fuels for the transport sector.}},
  author       = {{Lichtinger, Anne and Poller, Maximilian J. and Schröder, Olaf and Türck, Julian and Garbe, Thomas and Krahl, Jürgen and Jakob, Markus and Albert, Jakob}},
  booktitle    = {{Fuel : the science and technology of fuel and energy}},
  issn         = {{1873-7153}},
  keywords     = {{E -fuels, Solketal, OME, Fuel mixtures, Aging mechanism}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Revealing the aging mechanisms of solketal, oxymethylene ether, and mixtures thereof as promising e-fuels}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134738}},
  volume       = {{390}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@misc{12823,
  abstract     = {{The energy crisis and dependence on fossil fuels forces societies to develop alternative pathways to secure energy supplies. Therefore, non‐fossil fuels such as biofuels and e‐fuels can help counteract the resulting demand for existing combustion engines. However, biofuels, like biodiesel, have disadvantages in terms of oxidation stability. In general, aging of biodiesel is a complex mechanism due to interaction of various components. In order to develop an ideal fuel, the mechanism must be understood in full detail. In this work, an attempt is made to simplify the system by using methyl oleate as a biodiesel model component. In addition, other fuel components of interest such as alcohols and their respective acids help to clarify the aging mechanism. This work used isopropylidene glycerol (solketal) as the main alcohol, 1‐octanol and octanoic acid. A holistic biodiesel aging scheme was developed by using generated data and evaluating the role of acids. They epoxidize unsaturated fatty acid via Prileschajev reactions. In addition, the role of epoxides in oligomerization reactions is confirmed. Moreover, the alcohols show that the suppression of oligomerization can be achieved by the reaction with methyl oleate. The alcohol‐dependent aging products were determined by quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) mass spectrometry.}},
  author       = {{Türck, Julian and Schmitt, Fabian and Anthofer, Lukas and Türck, Ralf and Ruck, Wolfgang and Krahl, Jürgen}},
  booktitle    = {{  ChemSusChem : chemistry & sustainability, energy & materials}},
  issn         = {{1864-564X}},
  keywords     = {{biodiesel aging, epoxide-dependent oligomerization, solketal, Prileschajew reaction}},
  number       = {{17}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{Extension of Biodiesel Aging Mechanism–the Role and Influence of Methyl Oleate and the Contribution of Alcohols Through the Use of Solketal}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/cssc.202300263}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{12836,
  abstract     = {{The complexity of biodiesel aging has shown that the mechanism needs further research. The rate of aging product formation and associated interactions can help improve fuel quality. Since biodiesel is a multicomponent system and constant changes occur in the chemical environment, which interactions yield which products must be shown in more detail. Particularly under observation was the correlation between peroxides and epoxides. In addition, it is critical that the influence and interactions of new drop-in fuel candidates be investigated. In this work, the kinetics of the formation of aging products of methyl oleate (C18:1) are studied. The aim was to reduce the complexity in order to be able to make more precise and detailed statements about the mechanism. Ketones, acids, peroxide, and epoxide values were recorded. A distinction is made between pure methyl oleate and mixtures with 3 wt% isopropylidene glycerine (solketal). After solketal decomposed in the blends, the aging process showed changes. The influence of solketal resulted in a higher number of acids and epoxides over time. It implied that peroxides are not necessarily the precursor of epoxides. In summary, correlation and solketal’s influence showed that a sequence of aging products could be detected.}},
  author       = {{Türck, Julian and Schmitt, Fabian and Anthofer, Lukas and Lichtinger, Anne and Türck, Ralf and Ruck, Wolfgang and Krahl, Jürgen}},
  booktitle    = {{Energies : open-access journal of related scientific research, technology development and studies in policy and management}},
  issn         = {{1996-1073}},
  keywords     = {{oxidation kinetics, biodiesel aging, methyl oleate, solketal, alcohol influence, sequence of aging products}},
  number       = {{7}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Oxidation Kinetics of Neat Methyl Oleate and as a Blend with Solketal}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/en16073253}},
  volume       = {{16}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{12838,
  abstract     = {{The need for new bio based drop-in components for combustion engine fuels and the availability of sustainable glycerol from biodiesel production has focused attention on isopropylidene glycerol (solketal). The present study investigates the physical and chemical behavior of solketal in ternary blends with diesel fuel/biodiesel. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) was used as renewable non-polar aliphatic diesel fuel substitute in biodiesel/ solketal blends. HVO can be considered a prototype for other non-polar fuel components such as paraffinic fuel streams from Fischer-Tropsch or BtL processes. Surface tension, permittivity and aging behavior were analyzed. Furthermore, the cetane number (CN) and the viscosity was determined. Permittivity reflects the polarity of blends and their components with its change being an indicator of loss of physical and chemical stability. The antioxidant triphenyl phosphorothioate (TPPT) was also tested in some blends. The biodiesel blends B20, B30 and B40 enables single phased diesel fuel or HVO with varied solketal content (2 and 10%) at a constant biodiesel amount. No effect of solketal on fuel aging was observed. However, HVO-containing blends tend to lower the thermo-chemical stability relative to diesel fuel.}},
  author       = {{Türck, Julian and Singer, Anja and Lichtinger, Anne and Almaddad, Mohammad and Türck, Ralf and Jakob, Markus and Garbe, Thomas and Ruck, Wolfgang and Krahl, Jürgen}},
  booktitle    = {{Fuel : the science and technology of fuel and energy}},
  issn         = {{1873-7153}},
  keywords     = {{Solketal, Biodiesel, HVO, Diesel fuel, Miscibility, Fuel aging, Cetane Number}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Solketal as a renewable fuel component in ternary blends with biodiesel and diesel fuel or HVO and the impact on physical and chemical properties}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122463}},
  volume       = {{310}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}