@misc{12971,
  abstract     = {{The genus Stachybotrys produces a broad diversity of secondary metabolites, including macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones, and phenylspirodrimanes. Although the class of the phenylspirodrimanes is the major one and consists of a multitude of metabolites bearing various structural modifications, few investigations have been carried out. Thus, the presented study deals with the quantitative determination of several secondary metabolites produced by distinct Stachybotrys species for comparison of their metabolite profiles. For that purpose, 15 of the primarily produced secondary metabolites were isolated from fungal cultures and structurally characterized in order to be used as analytical standards for the development of an LC-MS/MS multimethod. The developed method was applied to the analysis of micro-scale extracts from 5 different Stachybotrys strains, which were cultured on different media. In that process, spontaneous dialdehyde/lactone isomerization was observed for some of the isolated secondary metabolites, and novel stachybotrychromenes were quantitatively investigated for the first time. The metabolite profiles of Stachybotrys species are considerably influenced by time of growth and substrate availability, as well as the individual biosynthetic potential of the respective species. Regarding the reported adverse effects associated with Stachybotrys growth in building environments, combinatory effects of the investigated secondary metabolites should be addressed and the role of the phenylspirodrimanes re-evaluated in future research.}},
  author       = {{Jagels, Annika and Lindemann, Viktoria and Ulrich, Sebastian and Gottschalk, Christoph and Cramer, Benedikt and Hübner, Florian and Gareis, Manfred and Humpf, Hans-Ulrich}},
  booktitle    = {{Toxins}},
  issn         = {{2072-6651}},
  keywords     = {{Stachybotrys spp., metabolite profiles, LC-MS/MS, satratoxins, phenylspirodrimanes, stachybotrychromenes, biosynthetic production}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  title        = {{{Exploring Secondary Metabolite Profiles of Stachybotrys spp. by LC-MS/MS}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/toxins11030133}},
  volume       = {{11}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@misc{12977,
  abstract     = {{Stachybotrys (S.) spp. are omnipresent cellulolytic molds. Some species are highly toxic owing to their ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites such as macrocyclic trichothecenes or hemolysins. The reliable identification of Stachybotrys at species level is currently limited to genome-based identification. This study aimed to establish a fast and reliable MALDI-TOF MS identification method by optimizing the pre-analytical steps for protein extraction for subsequent generation of high-quality fingerprint mass spectra. Eight reference strains of the American Type Culture Collection and the Technical University of Denmark were cultivated in triplicate (biological repetitions) for 2 days in malt extract broth. The mycelia (1.5 ml) were first washed with 75 % ethanol and an additional washing step with dimethyl sulfoxide (10 %) was added to remove unspecific low weight masses. Furthermore, mycelia were broken with roughened glass beads in formic acid (70 %) and acetonitrile. The method was successfully applied to a total of 45 isolates of Stachybotrys originating from three different habitats (indoor, feed, and food samples; n = 15 each): Twenty-seven isolates of S. chartarum and 18 isolates of S. chlorohalonata could be identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The data obtained exactly matched those obtained by genome-based identification. The mean score values for S. chartarum ranged from 2.509 to 2.739 and from 2.148 to 2.622 for S. chlorohalonata with a very good reproducibility: the relative standard deviations were between 0.3 % and 6.8 %. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a fast and reliable alternative to identification of Stachybotrys spp. by nucleotide amplification and sequencing.}},
  author       = {{Ulrich, Sebastian and Biermaier, Barbara and Bader, Oliver and Wolf, Georg and Straubinger, Reinhard K. and Didier, Andrea and Sperner, Brigitte and Schwaiger, Karin and Gareis, Manfred and Gottschalk, Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{  Analytical & bioanalytical chemistry : a merger of Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry, Analusis and Quimica analitica}},
  issn         = {{1618-2650}},
  keywords     = {{Stachybotrys spp, MALDI-TOF MS, Mass spectrometry, Filamentous fungi}},
  number       = {{27}},
  pages        = {{7565--7581}},
  publisher    = {{Springer}},
  title        = {{{Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9}},
  volume       = {{408}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}