---
_id: '7670'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Additive manufacturing (AM) and rapid prototyping process (RPP) have revolutionized
the production of 3D objects in the last few decades. RPP has considerably increased
the rate of production and the possibility of manufacturing prototypes in the
fields of electrical, optical, and mechanical engineering. The manufacturing of
optical prototypes including spherical, aspheric, and special kinds of lenses
and lens arrays has reformed the fabrication of optical components. In this paper,
specifically designed lens array prototypes for application in visible light communication
(VLC) are introduced. These lens array prototypes are manufactured using the stereolithography
apparatus (SLA) process. These lens arrays are designed to achieve optimal transmission
of the light beam for VLC systems. One of the prototypes from the lens arrays
contains primarily four spherical lenses and one thicker convex lens and the other
contains one fresnel lens as a substitute for thicker convex lens. These lens
arrays are further post-processed to achieve the required transparency. These
lens array prototypes are tested using laser and LEDs. The ON-OFF keying modulated
light beam was transmitted through the lens array at the sender side and focused
on the photo-receiver using another lens array at the receiver side which is 200
cm apart. After evaluating these lens prototypes, it can be concluded that with
appropriate post-processing and high-resolution stereolithography based manufacturing,
a low data rate VLC link can be formed.
author:
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
id: '74090'
last_name: Shrotri
orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Micha
full_name: Beyer, Micha
id: '71403'
last_name: Beyer
- first_name: Daniel Johann
full_name: Schneider, Daniel Johann
id: '71057'
last_name: Schneider
- first_name: Oliver
full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
id: '51864'
last_name: Stübbe
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-6893
citation:
ama: Shrotri AN, Beyer M, Schneider DJ, Stübbe O. Manufacturing of Lens Array
Prototypes Containing Spherical and Fresnel Lenses for Visible Light Communications
Using Stereolithography Apparatus. Vol 11677. (Helvajian H, Gu B, Chen H,
eds.). Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers; 2021. doi:10.1117/12.2586907
apa: Shrotri, A. N., Beyer, M., Schneider, D. J., & Stübbe, O. (2021). Manufacturing
of lens array prototypes containing spherical and fresnel lenses for visible light
communications using stereolithography apparatus. In H. Helvajian, B. Gu, &
H. Chen (Eds.), Laser 3D Manufacturing VIII (Vol. 11677). Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586907
bjps: 'Shrotri AN et al. (2021) Manufacturing of Lens Array Prototypes
Containing Spherical and Fresnel Lenses for Visible Light Communications Using
Stereolithography Apparatus, Helvajian H, Gu B and Chen H (eds). San Francisco:
Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.'
chicago: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Micha Beyer, Daniel Johann Schneider, and
Oliver Stübbe. Manufacturing of Lens Array Prototypes Containing Spherical
and Fresnel Lenses for Visible Light Communications Using Stereolithography Apparatus.
Edited by Henry Helvajian, Bo Gu, and Hongqiang Chen. Laser 3D Manufacturing
VIII. Vol. 11677. Proceedings of SPIE. San Francisco: Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586907.'
chicago-de: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, Micha Beyer, Daniel Johann Schneider und
Oliver Stübbe. 2021. Manufacturing of lens array prototypes containing spherical
and fresnel lenses for visible light communications using stereolithography apparatus.
Hg. von Henry Helvajian, Bo Gu, und Hongqiang Chen. Laser 3D Manufacturing
VIII. Bd. 11677. Proceedings of SPIE. San Francisco: Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers. doi:10.1117/12.2586907,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
; Beyer, Micha ; Schneider,
Daniel Johann ; Stübbe, Oliver
; Helvajian, H. ; Gu,
B. ; Chen, H. (Hrsg.): Manufacturing
of lens array prototypes containing spherical and fresnel lenses for visible light
communications using stereolithography apparatus, Proceedings of SPIE.
Bd. 11677. San Francisco : Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
2021'
havard: A.N. Shrotri, M. Beyer, D.J. Schneider, O. Stübbe, Manufacturing of lens
array prototypes containing spherical and fresnel lenses for visible light communications
using stereolithography apparatus, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
San Francisco, 2021.
ieee: 'A. N. Shrotri, M. Beyer, D. J. Schneider, and O. Stübbe, Manufacturing
of lens array prototypes containing spherical and fresnel lenses for visible light
communications using stereolithography apparatus, vol. 11677. San Francisco:
Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 2021. doi: 10.1117/12.2586907.'
mla: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra, et al. “Manufacturing of Lens Array Prototypes
Containing Spherical and Fresnel Lenses for Visible Light Communications Using
Stereolithography Apparatus.” Laser 3D Manufacturing VIII, edited by Henry
Helvajian et al., vol. 11677, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
2021, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586907.
short: A.N. Shrotri, M. Beyer, D.J. Schneider, O. Stübbe, Manufacturing of Lens
Array Prototypes Containing Spherical and Fresnel Lenses for Visible Light Communications
Using Stereolithography Apparatus, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
San Francisco, 2021.
ufg: 'Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra u. a.: Manufacturing of lens array prototypes
containing spherical and fresnel lenses for visible light communications using
stereolithography apparatus, Bd. 11677, hg. von Helvajian, Henry/Gu, Bo/Chen,
Hongqiang, San Francisco 2021 (Proceedings of SPIE).'
van: 'Shrotri AN, Beyer M, Schneider DJ, Stübbe O. Manufacturing of lens array prototypes
containing spherical and fresnel lenses for visible light communications using
stereolithography apparatus. Helvajian H, Gu B, Chen H, editors. Laser 3D Manufacturing
VIII. San Francisco: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers; 2021.
(Proceedings of SPIE; vol. 11677).'
conference:
end_date: 2021-02-02
location: 'San Francisco '
name: SPIE Photonics West LASE Proc. SPIE 11677, Laser 3D Manufacturing VIII, 1167717
start_date: 2021-01-28
date_created: 2022-04-19T10:20:55Z
date_updated: 2024-04-19T11:54:33Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
- _id: DEP5000
doi: 10.1117/12.2586907
editor:
- first_name: Henry
full_name: Helvajian, Henry
last_name: Helvajian
- first_name: Bo
full_name: Gu, Bo
last_name: Gu
- first_name: Hongqiang
full_name: Chen, Hongqiang
last_name: Chen
intvolume: ' 11677'
keyword:
- Additive manufacturing
- 3D printing
- Stereolithography apparatus
- Spherical lenses
- Fresnel lenses
- Visible light communication
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586907
place: San Francisco
publication: Laser 3D Manufacturing VIII
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-1-5106-4190-7
eissn:
- 1996-756X
isbn:
- 978-1-5106-4189-1
issn:
- 0277-786X
publication_status: published
publisher: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
series_title: Proceedings of SPIE
status: public
title: Manufacturing of lens array prototypes containing spherical and fresnel lenses
for visible light communications using stereolithography apparatus
type: conference_editor_article
user_id: '51864'
volume: 11677
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '7672'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Visible light communication (VLC) allows the dual use of lighting and wireless
communication systems by\r\nmodulation of illumination devices. However, to increase
the performance, typically, beam-forming measures are\r\ntaken creating pencil
beams, thus contradicting the illumination purpose. In order to optimize the performance\r\ntrade
o\v between e\x0Ecient illumination and communication, the switching capabilities
of illumination LEDs are\r\nexamined. Illumination LEDs with standard drivers
and without beam-forming show limited applicability for\r\ncommunication purposes
as they are not optimized for the necessary switching capability (f \x19 11 MHz)
and\r\ncoherence. Methods to enhance the electrical current by pre-equalisation,
biasing, carrier sweeping and current\r\nshaping are examined in respect to the
illumination LED's communication performance. A novel driver scheme\r\nis derived
which achieves considerably higher switching frequencies (f \x15 100 MHz) without
employing beamforming\r\nat the illumination LED. This driver is able to obtain
a data rate of up to 200 Mbit/s at a distance of\r\n3.2 m, using on-o\v keying
(OOK) modulation technique. Therefore, it is feasible to apply the LED driver
by\r\nimplementing standardised illumination devices in VLC systems."
author:
- first_name: Daniel
full_name: Schneider, Daniel
id: '82849'
last_name: Schneider
- first_name: Abhijeet Narendra
full_name: Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra
id: '74090'
last_name: Shrotri
orcid: 0000-0003-2116-156X
- first_name: Holger
full_name: Flatt, Holger
id: '58494'
last_name: Flatt
- first_name: Oliver
full_name: Stübbe, Oliver
id: '51864'
last_name: Stübbe
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-6893
- first_name: Roland
full_name: Lachmayer, Roland
last_name: Lachmayer
citation:
ama: 'Schneider D, Shrotri AN, Flatt H, Stübbe O, Lachmayer R. Efficient visible
light communication drivers using illumination LEDs in industrial environments.
In: Cheben P, Čtyroký J, Molina-Fernández I, eds. Integrated Optics: Design,
Devices, Systems and Applications VI. Vol 11775. Proceedings of SPIE. SPIE;
2021. doi:10.1117/12.2588923'
apa: 'Schneider, D., Shrotri, A. N., Flatt, H., Stübbe, O., & Lachmayer, R.
(2021). Efficient visible light communication drivers using illumination LEDs
in industrial environments. In P. Cheben, J. Čtyroký, & I. Molina-Fernández
(Eds.), Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems and Applications VI
(Vol. 11775). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2588923'
bjps: 'Schneider D et al. (2021) Efficient Visible Light Communication
Drivers Using Illumination LEDs in Industrial Environments. In Cheben P, Čtyroký
J and Molina-Fernández I (eds), Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems
and Applications VI, vol. 11775. Bellingham, Washington, USA: SPIE.'
chicago: 'Schneider, Daniel, Abhijeet Narendra Shrotri, Holger Flatt, Oliver Stübbe,
and Roland Lachmayer. “Efficient Visible Light Communication Drivers Using Illumination
LEDs in Industrial Environments.” In Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems
and Applications VI, edited by Pavel Cheben, Jiří Čtyroký, and Iñigo Molina-Fernández,
Vol. 11775. Proceedings of SPIE. Bellingham, Washington, USA: SPIE, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2588923.'
chicago-de: 'Schneider, Daniel, Abhijeet Narendra Shrotri, Holger Flatt, Oliver
Stübbe und Roland Lachmayer. 2021. Efficient visible light communication drivers
using illumination LEDs in industrial environments. In: Integrated Optics:
Design, Devices, Systems and Applications VI, hg. von Pavel Cheben, Jiří Čtyroký,
und Iñigo Molina-Fernández, 11775:. Proceedings of SPIE. Bellingham, Washington,
USA: SPIE. doi:10.1117/12.2588923,
.'
din1505-2-1: 'Schneider, Daniel ;
Shrotri, Abhijeet Narendra ; Flatt, Holger ; Stübbe,
Oliver ; Lachmayer, Roland:
Efficient visible light communication drivers using illumination LEDs in industrial
environments. In: Cheben, P. ; Čtyroký, J. ; Molina-Fernández,
I. (Hrsg.): Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems and Applications
VI, Proceedings of SPIE. Bd. 11775. Bellingham, Washington, USA : SPIE,
2021'
havard: 'D. Schneider, A.N. Shrotri, H. Flatt, O. Stübbe, R. Lachmayer, Efficient
visible light communication drivers using illumination LEDs in industrial environments,
in: P. Cheben, J. Čtyroký, I. Molina-Fernández (Eds.), Integrated Optics: Design,
Devices, Systems and Applications VI, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, USA, 2021.'
ieee: 'D. Schneider, A. N. Shrotri, H. Flatt, O. Stübbe, and R. Lachmayer, “Efficient
visible light communication drivers using illumination LEDs in industrial environments,”
in Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems and Applications VI, Online
(Prag), 2021, vol. 11775. doi: 10.1117/12.2588923.'
mla: 'Schneider, Daniel, et al. “Efficient Visible Light Communication Drivers Using
Illumination LEDs in Industrial Environments.” Integrated Optics: Design, Devices,
Systems and Applications VI, edited by Pavel Cheben et al., vol. 11775, SPIE,
2021, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2588923.'
short: 'D. Schneider, A.N. Shrotri, H. Flatt, O. Stübbe, R. Lachmayer, in: P. Cheben,
J. Čtyroký, I. Molina-Fernández (Eds.), Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems
and Applications VI, SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, USA, 2021.'
ufg: 'Schneider, Daniel u. a.: Efficient visible light communication drivers
using illumination LEDs in industrial environments, in: Cheben, Pavel/Čtyroký,
Jiří/Molina-Fernández, Iñigo (Hgg.): Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems
and Applications VI, Bd. 11775, Bellingham, Washington, USA 2021 (Proceedings
of SPIE).'
van: 'Schneider D, Shrotri AN, Flatt H, Stübbe O, Lachmayer R. Efficient visible
light communication drivers using illumination LEDs in industrial environments.
In: Cheben P, Čtyroký J, Molina-Fernández I, editors. Integrated Optics: Design,
Devices, Systems and Applications VI. Bellingham, Washington, USA: SPIE; 2021.
(Proceedings of SPIE; vol. 11775).'
conference:
end_date: 2021-04-23
location: Online (Prag)
name: 'Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems and Applications ; SPIE Optics
+ Optoelectronics Digital Forum '
start_date: 2021-04-19
date_created: 2022-04-19T10:23:26Z
date_updated: 2024-04-19T12:53:36Z
department:
- _id: DEP5020
- _id: DEP6020
- _id: DEP5000
doi: 10.1117/12.2588923
editor:
- first_name: Pavel
full_name: Cheben, Pavel
last_name: Cheben
- first_name: Jiří
full_name: Čtyroký, Jiří
last_name: Čtyroký
- first_name: Iñigo
full_name: Molina-Fernández, Iñigo
last_name: Molina-Fernández
intvolume: ' 11775'
keyword:
- Optical Wireless Communication
- Visible Light Communication
- VLC
- Li-Fi
- Illumination
- Dual-purpose drivers
language:
- iso: eng
place: Bellingham, Washington, USA
publication: 'Integrated Optics: Design, Devices, Systems and Applications VI'
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- '978-1-5106-4385-7 '
eissn:
- 1996-756X
isbn:
- 978-1-5106-4384-0
issn:
- 0277-786X
publication_status: published
publisher: SPIE
series_title: Proceedings of SPIE
status: public
title: Efficient visible light communication drivers using illumination LEDs in industrial
environments
type: conference
user_id: '51864'
volume: 11775
year: '2021'
...