@misc{11283,
  abstract     = {{Introduction: In recent decades, there has been a rise in mental illnesses. Community infrastructures are increasingly acknowledged as important for sustaining good mental health. Moreover, green spaces are anticipated to offer advantages for both mental health and social cohesion. However, the mediating pathway between green space, social cohesion and mental health and especially the proximity and characteristics of green spaces that trigger these potential effects remain of interest. Methods: We gathered data from 1365 individuals on self-reported social cohesion and mental health across four satellite districts in European cities: Nantes (France), Porto (Portugal), Sofia (Bulgaria), and Hoje-Taastrup (Denmark). Green space data from OpenStreetMap was manually adjusted using the PRIGSHARE guidelines. We used the AID-PRIGSHARE tool to generate 7 indicators about green space characteristics measured in distances from 100-1500 m, every 100 m. This resulted in 105 different green space variables that we tested in a single mediation model with structural equation modelling. Results: Accessible greenness (900-1400 m), accessible green spaces (900-1500 m), accessible green space corridors (300-800 m), accessible total green space (300-800), and mix of green space uses (700-1100 m) were significantly associated with social cohesion and indirectly with mental health. Green corridors also showed negative indirect and direct associations with mental health in larger distances. Surrounding greenness and the quantity of green space uses were not associated with social cohesion nor indirectly with mental health. We also observed no positive direct associations between any green space variable in any distance to mental health. Conclusions: Our results suggest that accessibility, connectivity, mix of use and proximity are key characteristics that drive the relationship between green spaces, social cohesion and mental health. This gives further guidance to urban planners and decision-makers on how to design urban green spaces to foster social cohesion and improve mental health.}},
  author       = {{Cardinali, Marcel and Beenackers, Mariëlle A. and Fleury-Bahi, Ghozlane and Bodénan, Philippe and Petrova, Milena Tasheva and van Timmeren, Arjan and Pottgiesser, Uta}},
  booktitle    = {{  Urban forestry & urban greening}},
  issn         = {{1610-8167}},
  keywords     = {{Soil Science, Ecology, Forestry, Green space, Mediation, Social cohesion, Well-being, Structural equation modelling}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Examining green space characteristics for social cohesion and mental health outcomes: A sensitivity analysis in four European cities}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.ufug.2024.128230}},
  volume       = {{93}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@phdthesis{12863,
  abstract     = {{This doctoral thesis critically examines green space characteristics and their proximity to residents in their ability to help reduce the global disease burden of non-communicable diseases. By dissecting three pivotal pathways of theorized green space health effects through increased physical activity, increased social cohesion, and reduced air pollution, the thesis aims to provide new insights into which green space characteristics drive these relationships and in which distance they occur. To achieve these aims, this thesis develops reporting guidelines for the research field, a QGIS script for automatization of green space indicator development and uses two complementary sources for data collection. It builds on the self-reported data on physical activity, social cohesion, air pollution, health and mental health from the URBiNAT project and its case studies in the four European satellite neighbourhoods Nantes-Nord (France), Porto-Campanhã (Portugal), Sofia-Nadezhda (Bulgaria), and Høje-Taastrup (Denmark) and complements it with a rigorous spatial analysis. This enabled a rigorous sensitivity analysis based on up to 135 structural equation models per pathway. The results of this doctoral research revealed distinct green space characteristics and proximities that drive each pathway, including thresholds where these associations disappear or even change direction. It concludes that interconnected, multi-use green corridors are more beneficial than isolated patches for all space strategies to shift focus from mere ratios to green mobility infrastructures. Although rooted primarily in European contexts and of a cross-sectional nature, the doctoral research provides new evidence for urban planning and public health. It emphasizes the practical implications of how to design green spaces to address health concerns. The results not only resonate with the WHO's Urban Health Research Agenda but also provide tangible recommendations for a healthier human habitat.}},
  author       = {{Cardinali, Marcel}},
  isbn         = {{978-94-6366-849-1}},
  issn         = {{2212-3202}},
  keywords     = {{Health, Green Space, Green Infrastructure, Well-being, Structural Equation Modeling}},
  pages        = {{312}},
  publisher    = {{A+BE}},
  title        = {{{Green Health. Examining the role of green space characteristics and their proximity in green space health pathways}}},
  doi          = {{10.71690/ABE.2024.09}},
  volume       = {{9}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{13013,
  abstract     = {{The relationship between green spaces and health is attracting more and more societal and research interest. The research field is however still suffering from its differing monodisciplinary origins. Now in a multidisciplinary environment on its way to a truly interdisciplinary field, there is a need for a common understanding, precision in green space indicators, and coherent assessment of the complexity of daily living environments. In several reviews, common protocols and open-source scripts are considered a high priority to advance the field. Realizing these issues, we developed PRIGSHARE (Preferred Reporting Items in Greenspace Health Research). It is accompanied by an open-source script that supports non-spatial disciplines in assessing greenness and green space on different scales and types. The PRIGSHARE checklist contains 21 items that have been identified as a risk of bias and are necessary for understanding and comparison of studies. The checklist is divided into the following topics: objectives (3 items), scope (3 items), spatial assessment (7 items), vegetation assessment (4 items), and context assessment (4 items). For each item, we include a pathway-specific (if relevant) rationale and explanation. The PRIGSHARE guiding principles should be helpful to support a high-quality assessment and synchronize the studies in the field while acknowledging the diversity of study designs.}},
  author       = {{Cardinali, Marcel and Beenackers, Mariëlle A. and van Timmeren, Arjan and Pottgiesser, Uta}},
  booktitle    = {{Environmental Research}},
  issn         = {{1096-0953}},
  keywords     = {{Greenspace, Well-being, Public health, Pollution, Behavior, Stress}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Preferred reporting items in green space health research. Guiding principles for an interdisciplinary field.}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.envres.2023.115893}},
  volume       = {{228}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@misc{13018,
  abstract     = {{Current societal challenges like climate change led to a general agreement that our cities need to become greener and our lifestyles more sustainable. This transformation of our daily living environments can also impact the prevalence of non-communicable diseases as a global disease burden of our time. These positive impacts of horizontal green spaces on human health are widely recognized. However, it is still unclear whether the same is true for green walls, as a promising nature-based solution for dense urban spaces which is increasingly applied. To date, the available research on green walls has not been systematically synthesized along the potential impact pathways of reducing environmental stressors (Mitigation), restoring capacities (Restoration), and promoting healthier behavior (Instoration). We conducted a systematic review of 30 reviews to synthesize available evidence on all three pathways and direct health outcomes, following the established strategies of PICOS and PRISMA. We assessed the review quality through AMSTAR. We found strong consistent evidence that green walls can mitigate urban heat island effects (daylight surface temperature: -0.3 °C to -31.9°, daylight air temperature: -0 °C to -8.7 °C), air pollution (PM2.5: -25% to -99%, PM10: -23% to -60%), and noise pollution (sound pressure level: -1dBA to -5dBA). We found some evidence for disaster risk reduction and restoration effects. There were no reviews on the instoration pathway or direct health outcomes. The underlying reviews rated low according to the AMSTAR checklist, which might limit our findings. We recognize a generally young research field and conclude that more in-field studies are needed in all pathways to better understand the relationship between green walls and health.}},
  author       = {{Cardinali, Marcel and Balderrama, Alvaro and Arztmann, Daniel and Pottgiesser, Uta}},
  booktitle    = {{Nature-Based Solutions}},
  issn         = {{2772-4115}},
  keywords     = {{Nature-based solutions, Green facades, Living walls, Health, Environmental risk factors, Well-being, Environmental comfort, Behavior}},
  number       = {{12}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier }},
  title        = {{{Green walls and health: An umbrella review}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.nbsj.2023.100070}},
  volume       = {{3}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}