@misc{12761,
  abstract     = {{For modern machines, factories and electric and autonomous vehicles, the importance of vreliable electrical connectors cannot be overstated. With an increasing number of connectors being used in machines, factories and vehicles, ensuring their reliability is crucial for comfort and safety alike. One of the key indicators of reliability is the lifetime of connectors. To evaluate the lifetime of electrical connectors, a testing method and a model for calculating their lifetime based on the test data were developed. The results from these tests were compared to failure analysis data from long-term field operations. The findings indicate that the laboratory tests can accurately reproduce the main failures observed in the field. However, such lifetime tests can be time- and labor-intensive. To address this challenge, a data-driven method is proposed that predicts the lifetime of electrical connectors using statistical analysis of electrical contact resistance data collected from short-term tests. The predictions from this method were compared to actual results obtained from long-term tests. A strong correlation was observed between the contact resistance development in short-term tests and the number of failures in later stages of testing. Thus, apart from predicting the lifetime of connectors, this method can also be applied for failure prognosis in real-time operations.}},
  author       = {{Song, Jian and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Probst, Roman}},
  booktitle    = {{Machines}},
  issn         = {{2075-1702 }},
  keywords     = {{electrical connectors, accelerated life testing, statistical model, lifetime prognosis, reliability, state of health}},
  number       = {{12}},
  pages        = {{474}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  title        = {{{The State of Health of Electrical Connectors}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12070474}},
  volume       = {{7}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@misc{11360,
  abstract     = {{The state of health and lifetime estimation process of electrical connectors via lifetime tests is a time and labor intensive process. In our previous work, a correlation between the contact resistance developments in the early stages of lifetime tests of electrical connectors with the final results was established using a data driven statistical process based on probability distribution. Also, state of health indicators for prognosis of lifetime were introduced. In this work, the state of health indicators have been optimized. The sensitivity analysis is performed with regards to the selection of the appropriate amount of test data based on test duration for the reliable prognosis of the state of health and the characteristic lifetime. Through this the possibility of further reduction of test duration required for the reliable prognosis of state of health is investigated. Based on the results of analysis, a guideline for the determination of the duration of lifetime tests which lead to a reliable prediction of lifetime of connectors can be provided. Also, an assessment of the state of art in the prognosis of the lifetime of electrical connectors has been presented.}},
  author       = {{Song, Jian and Shukla, Abhay Rammurti and Probst, Roman}},
  booktitle    = {{2023 IEEE 68th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (HOLM)}},
  isbn         = {{979‐8‐3503‐4244‐4}},
  issn         = {{2158‐9992}},
  keywords     = {{accelerated life testing, test duration, contact resistance, statistical model, connector reliability}},
  location     = {{Seattle}},
  pages        = {{200--208}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Advances in Evaluation of State of Health of Electrical Connectors}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/holm56075.2023.10352279}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}