---
_id: '12948'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Diet processing impacts on starch properties, such as the degree of starch
    gelatinization. This affects digestibility, as shown in laboratory mice fed either
    a pelleted or an extruded diet. In the present study, the morphology of starch
    particles throughout the digestive tract of mice was visualized. Thirty-two female
    C57BL/6J mice were used for a feeding trial. They were fed a commercial maintenance
    diet for laboratory mice, which was available in pelleted and extruded form, for
    seven weeks. The mice were sacrificed after the feeding period, and chyme samples
    were collected from five sites (stomach, anterior and posterior small intestine,
    caecum, colon). Samples of diets, chyme and faeces were analyzed via stereomicroscopy
    (stained with Lugol’s iodine) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The starch
    granules appeared more compact in the pelleted diet, showing first signs of degradation
    only in the small intestine. The caecum content of both diets group was intensively
    stained, particles as well as fluid phase, indicating that it contained mainly
    starch. The SEM pictures of caecum content showed abundant bacteria near starch
    particles. This suggests selective retention of prae-caecally undigested starch
    in the murine caecum, likely the site of microbial fermentation.
article_number: '952'
author:
- first_name: Jasmin
  full_name: Wenderlein, Jasmin
  last_name: Wenderlein
- first_name: Ellen
  full_name: Kienzle, Ellen
  last_name: Kienzle
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: Heidrun
  full_name: Schöl, Heidrun
  last_name: Schöl
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Linda Franziska
  full_name: Böswald, Linda Franziska
  last_name: Böswald
citation:
  ama: Wenderlein J, Kienzle E, Straubinger RK, Schöl H, Ulrich S, Böswald LF. Morphology
    of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory
    Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets. <i>Animals</i>. 2022;12(8). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952">10.3390/ani12080952</a>
  apa: Wenderlein, J., Kienzle, E., Straubinger, R. K., Schöl, H., Ulrich, S., &#38;
    Böswald, L. F. (2022). Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through
    the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets.
    <i>Animals</i>, <i>12</i>(8), Article 952. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952</a>
  bjps: <b>Wenderlein J <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) Morphology of Starch Particles along
    the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded
    and Pelleted Diets. <i>Animals</i> <b>12</b>.
  chicago: Wenderlein, Jasmin, Ellen Kienzle, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Heidrun Schöl,
    Sebastian Ulrich, and Linda Franziska Böswald. “Morphology of Starch Particles
    along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded
    and Pelleted Diets.” <i>Animals</i> 12, no. 8 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952</a>.
  chicago-de: Wenderlein, Jasmin, Ellen Kienzle, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Heidrun
    Schöl, Sebastian Ulrich und Linda Franziska Böswald. 2022. Morphology of Starch
    Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice
    Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets. <i>Animals</i> 12, Nr. 8. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952">10.3390/ani12080952</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wenderlein, Jasmin</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kienzle, Ellen</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger,
    Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Schöl, Heidrun</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Böswald,
    Linda Franziska</span>: Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through
    the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets.
    In: <i>Animals</i> Bd. 12. Basel, MDPI AG (2022), Nr. 8'
  havard: J. Wenderlein, E. Kienzle, R.K. Straubinger, H. Schöl, S. Ulrich, L.F. Böswald,
    Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal
    Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets, Animals. 12 (2022).
  ieee: 'J. Wenderlein, E. Kienzle, R. K. Straubinger, H. Schöl, S. Ulrich, and L.
    F. Böswald, “Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal
    Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets,” <i>Animals</i>, vol.
    12, no. 8, Art. no. 952, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952">10.3390/ani12080952</a>.'
  mla: Wenderlein, Jasmin, et al. “Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage
    through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted
    Diets.” <i>Animals</i>, vol. 12, no. 8, 952, 2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952">https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080952</a>.
  short: J. Wenderlein, E. Kienzle, R.K. Straubinger, H. Schöl, S. Ulrich, L.F. Böswald,
    Animals 12 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Wenderlein, Jasmin u. a.</b>: Morphology of Starch Particles along the
    Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and
    Pelleted Diets, in: <i>Animals</i> 12 (2022), H. 8.'
  van: Wenderlein J, Kienzle E, Straubinger RK, Schöl H, Ulrich S, Böswald LF. Morphology
    of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal Tract in Laboratory
    Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets. Animals. 2022;12(8).
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:57:56Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T12:01:46Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/ani12080952
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        12'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- amylase
- carbohydrate metabolism
- processing
- laboratory animal diets
- caecum fermentation
language:
- iso: eng
place: Basel
publication: Animals
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2076-2615
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Morphology of Starch Particles along the Passage through the Gastrointestinal
  Tract in Laboratory Mice Fed Extruded and Pelleted Diets
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 12
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '13578'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In recent years, virtual reality (VR) technology has found its way into nearly
    all fields of psychology. Previous studies indicated that virtual reality adaptations
    of the TSST are less potent in stimulating HPA-axis responses, with lower salivary
    cortisol responses recorded as compared to the in-vivo TSST. (TSST-IV). In the
    present experiment we tested the stress-induction potential of a refined version
    of the TSST-VR using a fully orthogonal experimental design in which ninety-three
    healthy males were either assigned to the TSST condition or a corresponding control
    condition in a real or virtual environment. We found a significant increase of
    endocrine, autonomic and self-reported stress markers in both stress conditions.
    Notably, we found a robust rise in salivary cortisol to the TSST-VR comparable
    to that observed in the TSST-IV. Despite subtle differences in response between
    virtual and in vivo settings, we conclude that VR adaptations of in-vivo stressors
    have the potential to induce real physiological and subjective reactions.
author:
- first_name: Patrick
  full_name: Zimmer, Patrick
  last_name: Zimmer
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Buttlar, Benjamin
  last_name: Buttlar
- first_name: Georg
  full_name: Halbeisen, Georg
  id: '85780'
  last_name: Halbeisen
  orcid: 0000-0002-9529-2215
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Walther, Eva
  last_name: Walther
- first_name: ' Gregor'
  full_name: Domes,  Gregor
  last_name: Domes
citation:
  ama: Zimmer P, Buttlar B, Halbeisen G, Walther E, Domes  Gregor. Virtually stressed?
    A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) induces
    robust endocrine responses. <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>. 2019;101(3):186-192.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010</a>
  apa: Zimmer, P., Buttlar, B., Halbeisen, G., Walther, E., &#38; Domes,  Gregor.
    (2019). Virtually stressed? A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier
    Social Stress Test (TSST) induces robust endocrine responses. <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>,
    <i>101</i>(3), 186–192. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010</a>
  bjps: <b>Zimmer P <i>et al.</i></b> (2019) Virtually Stressed? A Refined Virtual
    Reality Adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) Induces Robust Endocrine
    Responses. <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i> <b>101</b>, 186–192.
  chicago: 'Zimmer, Patrick, Benjamin Buttlar, Georg Halbeisen, Eva Walther, and  Gregor
    Domes. “Virtually Stressed? A Refined Virtual Reality Adaptation of the Trier
    Social Stress Test (TSST) Induces Robust Endocrine Responses.” <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>
    101, no. 3 (2019): 186–92. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010</a>.'
  chicago-de: 'Zimmer, Patrick, Benjamin Buttlar, Georg Halbeisen, Eva Walther und  Gregor
    Domes. 2019. Virtually stressed? A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier
    Social Stress Test (TSST) induces robust endocrine responses. <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>
    101, Nr. 3: 186–192. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010</a>,
    .'
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Zimmer, Patrick</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Buttlar, Benjamin</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Halbeisen,
    Georg</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Walther, Eva</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Domes,  Gregor</span>: Virtually stressed? A
    refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) induces
    robust endocrine responses. In: <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i> Bd. 101. Amsterdam
    [u.a.], Elsevier (2019), Nr. 3, S. 186–192'
  havard: P. Zimmer, B. Buttlar, G. Halbeisen, E. Walther,  Gregor Domes, Virtually
    stressed? A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test
    (TSST) induces robust endocrine responses, Psychoneuroendocrinology. 101 (2019)
    186–192.
  ieee: 'P. Zimmer, B. Buttlar, G. Halbeisen, E. Walther, and  Gregor Domes, “Virtually
    stressed? A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test
    (TSST) induces robust endocrine responses,” <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>, vol.
    101, no. 3, pp. 186–192, 2019, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010</a>.'
  mla: Zimmer, Patrick, et al. “Virtually Stressed? A Refined Virtual Reality Adaptation
    of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) Induces Robust Endocrine Responses.” <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>,
    vol. 101, no. 3, 2019, pp. 186–92, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010</a>.
  short: P. Zimmer, B. Buttlar, G. Halbeisen, E. Walther,  Gregor Domes, Psychoneuroendocrinology
    101 (2019) 186–192.
  ufg: '<b>Zimmer, Patrick u. a.</b>: Virtually stressed? A refined virtual reality
    adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) induces robust endocrine responses,
    in: <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i> 101 (2019), H. 3,  S. 186–192.'
  van: Zimmer P, Buttlar B, Halbeisen G, Walther E, Domes  Gregor. Virtually stressed?
    A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) induces
    robust endocrine responses. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;101(3):186–92.
date_created: 2026-03-25T13:36:07Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T13:49:27Z
department:
- _id: DEP1500
doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010
extern: '1'
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000459840000024'
  pmid:
  - '30469086'
intvolume: '       101'
isi: '1'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Psychological stress
- Virtual reality
- Trier Social Stress Test
- Free salivary cortisol
- Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Alpha amylase
language:
- iso: eng
page: 186-192
place: Amsterdam [u.a.]
pmid: '1'
publication: Psychoneuroendocrinology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1873-3360
  issn:
  - 0306-4530
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Virtually stressed? A refined virtual reality adaptation of the Trier Social
  Stress Test (TSST) induces robust endocrine responses
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 101
year: '2019'
...