---
_id: '13233'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Atranones are secondary metabolites produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, a
    mold frequently found in water-damaged indoor environments. In contrast to the
    well-characterized and highly toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes, atranones have
    received relatively limited scientific attention. Approximately 60% of S. chartarum
    isolates from indoor environments produce atranones, while 40% form macrocyclic
    trichothecenes. No strain has been shown to produce both, indicating that the
    biosynthetic pathways for these two mycotoxin classes are mutually exclusive.
    Atranones are dolabellane-like diterpenoids synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
    through multiple enzymatic steps encoded by a specific core gene cluster. While
    the genetic structure of this cluster has been elucidated, its regulatory mechanisms
    remain poorly understood. Notably, although atranone-producing S. chartarum strains
    have been isolated from indoor settings, no study has yet confirmed the actual
    production of atranones in indoor environments, leaving the question of real-world
    exposure unresolved. Experimental studies in cell cultures and animal models indicate
    that atranones possess pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties, including the
    induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Atranone Q has demonstrated antitumor
    activity against osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and more recently identified derivatives
    such as stachatranone and stachybatranone have shown preliminary cardioprotective
    effects under ischemic conditions. However, these pharmacological effects remain
    exploratory and require further validation in in vivo models. Major knowledge
    gaps concern the environmental triggers for atranone biosynthesis, their regulation,
    actual presence in built environments, and potential health risks. These areas
    represent key priorities for future research. '
author:
- first_name: Mareike
  full_name: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike
  id: '66516'
  last_name: Dabisch-Ruthe
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7644-0826
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Pfannebecker, Jens
  id: '45690'
  last_name: Pfannebecker
  orcid: 0009-0005-4133-5442
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
citation:
  ama: Dabisch-Ruthe M, Pfannebecker J, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. Atranone-an
    underestimated secondary metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. Published online
    2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>
  apa: Dabisch-Ruthe, M., Pfannebecker, J., Straubinger, R. K., Ebel, F., &#38; Ulrich,
    S. (2025). Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>
  bjps: <b>Dabisch-Ruthe M <i>et al.</i></b> (2025) Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary
    Metabolite? <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>.
  chicago: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, Jens Pfannebecker, Reinhard K. Straubinger, Frank
    Ebel, and Sebastian Ulrich. “Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary Metabolite?”
    <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.
  chicago-de: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, Jens Pfannebecker, Reinhard K. Straubinger,
    Frank Ebel und Sebastian Ulrich. 2025. Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?
    <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pfannebecker, Jens</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger,
    Reinhard K.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ebel, Frank</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span>: Atranone-an
    underestimated secondary metabolite? In: <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>. Berlin ; Heidelberg,
    Springer (2025)'
  havard: M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich,
    Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?, Mycotoxin Research. (2025).
  ieee: 'M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R. K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, and S. Ulrich,
    “Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?,” <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.'
  mla: Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike, et al. “Atranone-an Underestimated Secondary Metabolite?”
    <i>Mycotoxin Research</i>, 2025, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x</a>.
  short: M. Dabisch-Ruthe, J. Pfannebecker, R.K. Straubinger, F. Ebel, S. Ulrich,
    Mycotoxin Research (2025).
  ufg: '<b>Dabisch-Ruthe, Mareike u. a.</b>: Atranone-an underestimated secondary
    metabolite?, in: <i>Mycotoxin Research</i> (2025).'
  van: Dabisch-Ruthe M, Pfannebecker J, Straubinger RK, Ebel F, Ulrich S. Atranone-an
    underestimated secondary metabolite? Mycotoxin Research. 2025;
date_created: 2025-10-01T09:20:35Z
date_updated: 2025-10-06T12:11:00Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.1007/s12550-025-00609-x
keyword:
- Atranone
- Secondary metabolite
- Stachybotrys
- Stachatranone
- Stachybatranone
language:
- iso: eng
place: Berlin ; Heidelberg
publication: Mycotoxin Research
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1867-1632
  issn:
  - 0178-7888
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
status: public
title: Atranone-an underestimated secondary metabolite?
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '12947'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Stachybotrys chartarum is frequently isolated from damp building materials
    or improperly stored animal forage. Human and animal exposure to the secondary
    metabolites of this mold is linked to severe health effects. The mutually exclusive
    production of either satratoxins or atranones defines the chemotypes A and S.
    Based upon the genes (satratoxin cluster, SC1-3, sat or atranone cluster, AC1,
    atr) that are supposed to be essential for satratoxin and atranone production,
    S. chartarum can furthermore be divided into three genotypes: the S-type possessing
    all sat- but no atr-genes, the A-type lacking the sat- but harboring all atr-genes,
    and the H-type having only certain sat- and all atr-genes. We analyzed the above-mentioned
    gene clusters and their flanking regions to shed light on the evolutionary relationship.
    Furthermore, we performed a deep re-sequencing and LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography–mass
    spectrometry) analysis. We propose a first model for the evolution of the S. chartarum
    genotypes. We assume that genotype H represents the most ancient form. A loss
    of the AC1 and the concomitant acquisition of the SC2 led to the emergence of
    the genotype S. According to our model, the genotype H also developed towards
    genotype A, a process that was accompanied by a loss of SC1 and SC3.'
article_number: '340'
author:
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Ulrich, Sebastian
  id: '85847'
  last_name: Ulrich
  orcid: 0000-0002-4511-9537
- first_name: Katharina
  full_name: Lang, Katharina
  last_name: Lang
- first_name: Ludwig
  full_name: Niessen, Ludwig
  last_name: Niessen
- first_name: Christiane
  full_name: Baschien, Christiane
  last_name: Baschien
- first_name: Robert
  full_name: Kosicki, Robert
  last_name: Kosicki
- first_name: Magdalena
  full_name: Twarużek, Magdalena
  last_name: Twarużek
- first_name: Reinhard K.
  full_name: Straubinger, Reinhard K.
  last_name: Straubinger
- first_name: Frank
  full_name: Ebel, Frank
  last_name: Ebel
citation:
  ama: Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, et al. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone
    Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>. 2022;8(4). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">10.3390/jof8040340</a>
  apa: Ulrich, S., Lang, K., Niessen, L., Baschien, C., Kosicki, R., Twarużek, M.,
    Straubinger, R. K., &#38; Ebel, F. (2022). The Evolution of the Satratoxin and
    Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, <i>8</i>(4),
    Article 340. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>
  bjps: <b>Ulrich S <i>et al.</i></b> (2022) The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone
    Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum. <i>Journal of Fungi</i> <b>8</b>.
  chicago: Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien,
    Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger, and Frank Ebel. “The
    Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.”
    <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, no. 4 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>.
  chicago-de: Ulrich, Sebastian, Katharina Lang, Ludwig Niessen, Christiane Baschien,
    Robert Kosicki, Magdalena Twarużek, Reinhard K. Straubinger und Frank Ebel. 2022.
    The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum.
    <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8, Nr. 4. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">10.3390/jof8040340</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ulrich, Sebastian</span> ;
    <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lang, Katharina</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Niessen,
    Ludwig</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Baschien, Christiane</span>
    ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kosicki, Robert</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Twarużek,
    Magdalena</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Straubinger, Reinhard
    K.</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ebel, Frank</span>: The Evolution
    of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. In: <i>Journal
    of Fungi</i> Bd. 8, MDPI AG (2022), Nr. 4'
  havard: S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K.
    Straubinger, F. Ebel, The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters
    of Stachybotrys chartarum, Journal of Fungi. 8 (2022).
  ieee: 'S. Ulrich <i>et al.</i>, “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene
    Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum,” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, Art.
    no. 340, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">10.3390/jof8040340</a>.'
  mla: Ulrich, Sebastian, et al. “The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene
    Clusters of Stachybotrys Chartarum.” <i>Journal of Fungi</i>, vol. 8, no. 4, 340,
    2022, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340">https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040340</a>.
  short: S. Ulrich, K. Lang, L. Niessen, C. Baschien, R. Kosicki, M. Twarużek, R.K.
    Straubinger, F. Ebel, Journal of Fungi 8 (2022).
  ufg: '<b>Ulrich, Sebastian u. a.</b>: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone
    Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum, in: <i>Journal of Fungi</i> 8 (2022),
    H. 4.'
  van: Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, Baschien C, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, et al. The
    Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum.
    Journal of Fungi. 2022;8(4).
date_created: 2025-06-15T09:57:20Z
date_updated: 2025-06-16T11:59:52Z
department:
- _id: DEP4010
doi: 10.3390/jof8040340
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         8'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- Stachybotrys
- genome
- macrocyclic trichothecene
- atranone
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of Fungi
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2309-608X
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys
  chartarum
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83781'
volume: 8
year: '2022'
...