[{"publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"DEP5023"},{"_id":"DEP5000"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This paper introduces an approach that leverages large language models (LLMs) to convert detailed descriptions of an Operational Design Domain (ODD) into realistic, executable simulation scenarios for testing autonomous vehicles. The method combines model-based and data-driven techniques to decompose ODDs into three key components: environmental, scenery, and dynamic elements. It then applies prompt engineering to generate ScenarioRunner scripts compatible with CARLA. The model-based component guides the LLM using structured prompts and a “Tree of Thoughts” strategy to outline the scenario, while a data-driven refinement process, drawing inspiration from red teaming, enhances the accuracy and robustness of the generated scripts over time. Experimental results show that while static components, such as weather and road layouts, are well captured, dynamic elements like vehicle and pedestrian behavior require further refinement. Overall, this approach not only reduces the manual effort involved in creating simulation scenarios but also identifies key challenges and opportunities for advancing safer and more adaptive autonomous driving systems."}],"issue":"16","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"MDPI","type":"scientific_journal_article","user_id":"83781","intvolume":"        14","place":"Basel","doi":"10.3390/electronics14163177","_id":"13120","title":"Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs","volume":14,"citation":{"apa":"Danso, A. A., &#38; Büker, U. (2025). Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs. <i>Electronics</i>, <i>14</i>(16), 3177. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177</a>","ieee":"A. A. Danso and U. Büker, “Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs,” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 16, p. 3177, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177\">10.3390/electronics14163177</a>.","chicago":"Danso, Aaron Agyapong, and Ulrich Büker. “Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs.” <i>Electronics</i> 14, no. 16 (2025): 3177. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177</a>.","van":"Danso AA, Büker U. Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs. Electronics. 2025;14(16):3177.","ama":"Danso AA, Büker U. Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs. <i>Electronics</i>. 2025;14(16):3177. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177\">10.3390/electronics14163177</a>","ufg":"<b>Danso, Aaron Agyapong/Büker, Ulrich</b>: Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs, in: <i>Electronics</i> 14 (2025), H. 16,  S. 3177.","bjps":"<b>Danso AA and Büker U</b> (2025) Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs. <i>Electronics</i> <b>14</b>, 3177.","havard":"A.A. Danso, U. Büker, Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs, Electronics. 14 (2025) 3177.","mla":"Danso, Aaron Agyapong, and Ulrich Büker. “Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 14, no. 16, 2025, p. 3177, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177</a>.","short":"A.A. Danso, U. Büker, Electronics 14 (2025) 3177.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Danso, Aaron Agyapong</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Büker, Ulrich</span>: Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs. In: <i>Electronics</i> Bd. 14. Basel, MDPI (2025), Nr. 16, S. 3177","chicago-de":"Danso, Aaron Agyapong und Ulrich Büker. 2025. Automated Generation of Test Scenarios for Autonomous Driving Using LLMs. <i>Electronics</i> 14, Nr. 16: 3177. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14163177\">10.3390/electronics14163177</a>, ."},"year":"2025","author":[{"first_name":"Aaron Agyapong","full_name":"Danso, Aaron Agyapong","id":"84400","last_name":"Danso"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4403-3889","first_name":"Ulrich","id":"81453","last_name":"Büker","full_name":"Büker, Ulrich"}],"page":"3177","status":"public","date_created":"2025-08-11T15:38:12Z","publication":"Electronics","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2079-9292 "]},"date_updated":"2025-08-12T07:38:15Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["large language models","generation","Operational Design Domain","autonomous vehicles","simulation","CARLA","ScenarioRunner","prompt-engineering","fine-tuning"]},{"volume":5,"citation":{"ama":"Subramanian R, Büker U. Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i>. 2024;5(4):2778-2804. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145\">10.3390/eng5040145</a>","ieee":"R. Subramanian and U. Büker, “Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System,” <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i>, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2778–2804, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145\">10.3390/eng5040145</a>.","van":"Subramanian R, Büker U. Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. Eng : advances in engineering. 2024;5(4):2778–804.","mla":"Subramanian, Ramakrishnan, and Ulrich Büker. “Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System.” <i>Eng : Advances in Engineering</i>, vol. 5, no. 4, 2024, pp. 2778–804, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145\">https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145</a>.","havard":"R. Subramanian, U. Büker, Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System, Eng : Advances in Engineering. 5 (2024) 2778–2804.","bjps":"<b>Subramanian R and Büker U</b> (2024) Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i> <b>5</b>, 2778–2804.","ufg":"<b>Subramanian, Ramakrishnan/Büker, Ulrich</b>: Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System, in: <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i> 5 (2024), H. 4,  S. 2778–2804.","apa":"Subramanian, R., &#38; Büker, U. (2024). Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. <i>Eng : Advances in Engineering</i>, <i>5</i>(4), 2778–2804. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145\">https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145</a>","chicago":"Subramanian, Ramakrishnan, and Ulrich Büker. “Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System.” <i>Eng : Advances in Engineering</i> 5, no. 4 (2024): 2778–2804. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145\">https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145</a>.","short":"R. Subramanian, U. Büker, Eng : Advances in Engineering 5 (2024) 2778–2804.","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Subramanian, Ramakrishnan</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Büker, Ulrich</span>: Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. In: <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i> Bd. 5. Basel, MDPI AG (2024), Nr. 4, S. 2778–2804","chicago-de":"Subramanian, Ramakrishnan und Ulrich Büker. 2024. Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System. <i>Eng : advances in engineering</i> 5, Nr. 4: 2778–2804. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5040145\">10.3390/eng5040145</a>, ."},"title":"Study of Contactless Computer Vision-Based Road Condition Estimation Methods Within the Framework of an Operational Design Domain Monitoring System","status":"public","page":"2778-2804","year":"2024","author":[{"last_name":"Subramanian","full_name":"Subramanian, Ramakrishnan","id":"85499","first_name":"Ramakrishnan"},{"id":"81453","full_name":"Büker, Ulrich","first_name":"Ulrich","last_name":"Büker","orcid":"0000-0002-4403-3889"}],"date_updated":"2024-12-05T13:19:17Z","publication":"Eng : advances in engineering","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2673-4117"]},"date_created":"2024-12-04T16:46:30Z","keyword":["autonomous vehicles","operational design domain","computer vision","machine learning","road surface detection"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","publication_status":"published","publisher":"MDPI AG","quality_controlled":"1","issue":"4","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Deployment of Level 3 and Level 4 autonomous vehicles (AVs) in urban environments is significantly constrained by adverse weather conditions, limiting their operation to clear weather due to safety concerns. Ensuring that AVs remain within their designated Operational Design Domain (ODD) is a formidable challenge, making boundary monitoring strategies essential for safe navigation. This study explores the critical role of an ODD monitoring system (OMS) in addressing these challenges. It reviews various methodologies for designing an OMS and presents a comprehensive visualization framework incorporating trigger points for ODD exits. These trigger points serve as essential references for effective OMS design. The study also delves into a specific use case concerning ODD exits: the reduction in road friction due to adverse weather conditions. It emphasizes the importance of contactless computer vision-based methods for road condition estimation (RCE), particularly using vision sensors such as cameras. The study details a timeline of methods involving classical machine learning and deep learning feature extraction techniques, identifying contemporary challenges such as class imbalance, lack of comprehensive datasets, annotation methods, and the scarcity of generalization techniques. Furthermore, it provides a factual comparison of two state-of-the-art RCE datasets. In essence, the study aims to address and explore ODD exits due to weather-induced road conditions, decoding the practical solutions and directions for future research in the realm of AVs."}],"department":[{"_id":"DEP5023"},{"_id":"DEP5000"}],"intvolume":"         5","user_id":"83781","type":"scientific_journal_article","_id":"12167","doi":"10.3390/eng5040145","place":"Basel"}]