@article{1721,
  abstract     = {{In this contribution, the effect of the presence of a presumed inert gas like N2 in the feed gas on the biological methanation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide with Methanothermobacter marburgensis was investigated. N2 can be found as a component besides CO2 in possible feed gases like mine gas, weak gas, or steel mill gas. To determine whether there is an effect on the biological methanation of CO2 and H2 from renewable sources or not, the process was investigated using feed gases containing CO2, H2, and N2 in different ratios, depending on the CO2 content. A possible effect can be a lowered conversion rate of CO2 and H2 to CH4. Feed gases containing up to 47N2 were investigated. The conversion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide was possible with a conversion rate of up to 91 but was limited by the amount of H2 when feeding a stoichiometric ratio of 4:1 and not by adding N2 to the feed gas.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Hoffarth, Marc Philippe and Broeker, Timo and Schneider, Jan}},
  issn         = {{2311-5637}},
  journal      = {{Fermentation}},
  keywords     = {{biological methanation, CSTR, Methanothermobacter marburgensis, methane, carbon dioxide, dinitrogen, hydrogen, power-to-gas}},
  number       = {{3}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI }},
  title        = {{{Effect of N2 on Biological Methanation in a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor with Methanothermobacter marburgensis}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/fermentation5030056}},
  volume       = {{5}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}

@article{5435,
  abstract     = {{Towards renewable energy systems, the coupling of multiple sectors is important and incorporates novel technologies where currently no models exist that correctly represent all transient effects. Therefore, we present a method that incorporates Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations where virtual components as models are coupled to real and experimental facilities in real time. By including experimental components, a higher validity can be obtained and the practical applicability of renewable energy scenario can be discussed more profoundly. In this paper, the considered energy system consists of an experimental biocatalytic methanation reactor, a real photovoltaic park, a regenerative fuel cell and short-term storage units to supply a residential district. A representative control sequence of the methanator is obtained by modeling the scenario as an optimal control problem. A first HIL simulation highlights that modifications of the instrumentation are required for a grid injection of the generated methane. The scientific approach can be applied to any energy system where some of the considered components are available as experimental or real facilities. Non-exisiting components are simply replaced by models. The presented approach helps to determine which parts or process parameters are crucial for the planed operation before the overall energy system is realized on a larger scale. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}},
  author       = {{Griese, Martin and Hoffrath, Marc Philippe and Broeker, Timo and Schulte, Thomas and Schneider, Jan}},
  issn         = {{1873-6785}},
  journal      = {{Energy : the international journal}},
  keywords     = {{Biological methanation, Energy management, HIL simulation, Optimization, Scalable models}},
  location     = {{Guimaraes, PORTUGAL}},
  pages        = {{77 -- 90}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{{Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation of an optimized energy management incorporating an experimental biocatalytic methanation reactor}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.092}},
  volume       = {{181}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}