---
_id: '11492'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In this review, we aim to highlight the advantages, challenges, and limitations
    of electronic tongues (e-tongues) in pharmaceutical drug development. The authors,
    therefore, critically evaluated the performance of e-tongues regarding their qualification
    to assess peroral formulations containing bitter active pharmaceutical ingredients.
    A literature search using the keywords ‘electronic’, ‘tongue’, ‘bitter’, and ‘drug’
    in a Web of Science search was therefore initially conducted. Reviewing the publications
    of the past decade, and further literature where necessary, allowed the authors
    to discuss whether and how e-tongues perform as expected and whether they have
    the potential to become a standard tool in drug development. Specifically highlighted
    are the expectations an e-tongue should meet. Further, a brief insight into the
    technologies of the utilized e-tongues is given. Reliable protocols were found
    that enable (i) the qualified performance of e-tongue instruments from an analytical
    perspective, (ii) proper taste-masking assessments, and (iii) under certain circumstances,
    the evaluation of bitterness.
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: Denise
  full_name: Steiner, Denise
  last_name: Steiner
- first_name: Alexander
  full_name: Meyer, Alexander
  id: '58585'
  last_name: Meyer
- first_name: Isabell
  full_name: Immohr, Isabell
  last_name: Immohr
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam
  id: '64952'
  last_name: Pein-Hackelbusch
  orcid: 0000-0002-7920-0595
citation:
  ama: Steiner D, Meyer A, Immohr I, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Critical View on the Qualification
    of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral
    Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>. 2024;16(5). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658">10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>
  apa: Steiner, D., Meyer, A., Immohr, I., &#38; Pein-Hackelbusch, M. (2024). Critical
    View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in
    the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>,
    <i>16</i>(5). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>
  bjps: <b>Steiner D <i>et al.</i></b> (2024) Critical View on the Qualification of
    Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug
    Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. <i>Pharmaceutics</i> <b>16</b>.
  chicago: Steiner, Denise, Alexander Meyer, Isabell Immohr, and Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    “Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance
    in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>
    16, no. 5 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>.
  chicago-de: Steiner, Denise, Alexander Meyer, Isabell Immohr und Miriam Pein-Hackelbusch.
    2024. Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their
    Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients.
    <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 16, Nr. 5. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658">10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>,
    .
  din1505-2-1: '<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Steiner, Denise</span> ; <span
    style="font-variant:small-caps;">Meyer, Alexander</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Immohr,
    Isabell</span> ; <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pein-Hackelbusch, Miriam</span>:
    Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance
    in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. In: <i>Pharmaceutics</i>
    Bd. 16. Basel, MDPI (2024), Nr. 5'
  havard: D. Steiner, A. Meyer, I. Immohr, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Critical View on the
    Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development
    of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients, Pharmaceutics. 16 (2024).
  ieee: 'D. Steiner, A. Meyer, I. Immohr, and M. Pein-Hackelbusch, “Critical View
    on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the
    Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients,” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>,
    vol. 16, no. 5, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658">10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>.'
  mla: Steiner, Denise, et al. “Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues
    Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with
    Bitter Ingredients.” <i>Pharmaceutics</i>, vol. 16, no. 5, 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658</a>.
  short: D. Steiner, A. Meyer, I. Immohr, M. Pein-Hackelbusch, Pharmaceutics 16 (2024).
  ufg: '<b>Steiner, Denise u. a.</b>: Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic
    Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations
    with Bitter Ingredients, in: <i>Pharmaceutics</i> 16 (2024), H. 5.'
  van: Steiner D, Meyer A, Immohr I, Pein-Hackelbusch M. Critical View on the Qualification
    of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance in the Development of Peroral
    Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16(5).
date_created: 2024-05-29T10:06:47Z
date_updated: 2025-06-24T09:07:27Z
department:
- _id: DEP4028
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050658
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001231317000001'
  pmid:
  - '38794320'
intvolume: '        16'
isi: '1'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- e-tongues
- performance
- qualification
- taste masking
- bitterness
- dosage forms
- drug formulations
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/5/658
oa: '1'
place: Basel
pmid: '1'
publication: Pharmaceutics
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '1999-4923 '
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Critical View on the Qualification of Electronic Tongues Regarding Their Performance
  in the Development of Peroral Drug Formulations with Bitter Ingredients
type: scientific_journal_article
user_id: '83778'
volume: 16
year: '2024'
...