[{"publication_status":"published","citation":{"ufg":"<b>Konschake, Leon/Schwickert, Susanne</b>: Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity, in: <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> 1 (2026), H. 2,  S. 1–8.","mla":"Konschake, Leon, and Susanne Schwickert. “Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity.” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>, vol. 1, no. 2, 2026, pp. 1–8, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117\">https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117</a>.","apa":"Konschake, L., &#38; Schwickert, S. (2026). Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>, <i>1</i>(2), 1–8. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117\">https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117</a>","chicago":"Konschake, Leon, and Susanne Schwickert. “Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity.” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> 1, no. 2 (2026): 1–8. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117\">https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117</a>.","ieee":"L. Konschake and S. Schwickert, “Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity,” <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–8, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117\">10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117</a>.","short":"L. Konschake, S. Schwickert, Inżynieria Mineralna 1 (2026) 1–8.","ama":"Konschake L, Schwickert S. Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i>. 2026;1(2):1-8. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117\">10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117</a>","bjps":"<b>Konschake L and Schwickert S</b> (2026) Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> <b>1</b>, 1–8.","chicago-de":"Konschake, Leon und Susanne Schwickert. 2026. Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity. <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> 1, Nr. 2: 1–8. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117\">10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117</a>, .","din1505-2-1":"<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Konschake, Leon</span> ; <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Schwickert, Susanne</span>: Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity. In: <i>Inżynieria Mineralna</i> Bd. 1. Kraków, Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin (Polish Mineral Processing Society) (2026), Nr. 2, S. 1–8","havard":"L. Konschake, S. Schwickert, Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity, Inżynieria Mineralna. 1 (2026) 1–8.","van":"Konschake L, Schwickert S. Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity. Inżynieria Mineralna. 2026;1(2):1–8."},"place":"Kraków","status":"public","keyword":["building longevity","building obsolescence","service life","adaptability","persistence potential","literature review"],"date_updated":"2026-11-06T07:04:23Z","article_type":"review","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1640-4920 "]},"user_id":"83781","date_created":"2026-11-05T15:45:50Z","type":"scientific_journal_article","publisher":"Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin (Polish Mineral Processing Society)","title":"Persistent by Design: A Systematic Literature Review of the Determinants of Building Longevity","year":"2026","has_accepted_license":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.29227/IM-2026-02-01-117","conference":{"location":"Ostrava","start_date":"2026-08-31","end_date":"2026-09-04","name":"World Multidisciplinary Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning (WMCCAU)"},"intvolume":"         1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The building sector accounts for approximately 37 percent of global energy - related CO₂ emissions, yet a structurally underaddressed dimension of its environmental impact remains the premature obsolescence of buildings. Empirical evidence consistently demonstrates that buildings are rarely demolished due to physical failure: in Germany, approximately 21 percent of residential buildings are demolished before reaching 42 years of age, while studies from South Korea and Denmark document average actual lifespans of reinforced concrete buildings at less than half the standard assumptions used in life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. The gap between what buildings could last and what they actually do represents both an ecological deficit and a methodological blind spot. This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature review conducted as part of a doctoral research project developing a Longevity Score — a design - phase assessment instrument for the persistence potential of residential buildings. The review was conducted on the Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases, covering publications from 1970 to the present in English and German, and structured across four analytical levels: macro (ecological, economic, and socio - cultural conditions), meso (regulatory and institutional frameworks), micro (architectural and constructive principles), and methodological (existing assessment instruments). The principal finding of the review is a fundamental reorientation of the research question. Initial inquiry focused on the technical and constructive factors determining building longevity — a dimension already substantially addressed in the literature through shearing layer models, structural generosity criteria, and service separation strategies. The review reveals, however, that these physical parameters are necessary but not sufficient to explain why buildings actually persist. Empirical studies across multiple national contexts demonstrate that obsolescence is predominantly behavioural rather than physical: functional unsuitability, changing ownership structures, market dynamics, and the erosion of social attachment are the primary drivers of premature demolition. Physical durability is a precondition for longevity, not a guarantee of it. A second major finding concerns the state of existing assessment instruments. While tools exist for component - level lifespan prediction, adaptivity certification, and end - of - life circularity evaluation, none addresses longevity prospectively and integratively at the design stage. The social and human dimensions of building persistence — how architects, owners, and inhabitants understand, value, and sustain buildings over time — remain systematically underrepresented in both assessment practice and the research literature. These findings motivate a revised research focus: rather than asking what technical parameters make buildings physically durable, the doctoral project investigates which human factors determine whether buildings actually persist under real social, economic, and institutional conditions — and how these can be operationalised in a design - phase assessment model. The paper concludes by outlining the three - dimensional framework that the longevity score aims to integrate — physical, functional, and social longevity."}],"volume":1,"author":[{"last_name":"Konschake","full_name":"Konschake, Leon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5181-1573","id":"84541","first_name":"Leon"},{"first_name":"Susanne","id":"27269","full_name":"Schwickert, Susanne","orcid":"0009-0005-0921-6291","last_name":"Schwickert"}],"_id":"14106","publication":"Inżynieria Mineralna","page":"1-8","ddc":["720"],"department":[{"_id":"DEP1600"},{"_id":"DEP1622"}],"quality_controlled":"1","issue":"2"}]